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Nat Rev Drug Discov:AAV基因治疗神经系统疾病的进展与挑战

2018-08-17 陈婉仪 医麦客

8月10日,Nature Reviews上发表了一篇关于AAV基因治疗神经系统疾病的进展与展望,通讯作者是Voyager Therapeutics的首席科学官Dinah WY Sah。文中探讨了未来设计和开发治疗性AAV载体的关键考虑因素和挑战,并且列举了最近的临床进展。

腺相关病毒(AAV)载体可用于治疗神经疾病的基因治疗平台,在临床前研究中,通过各种给药途径,编码治疗性蛋白质、微小RNA、抗体或基因编辑的转基因已经成功递送至中枢神经系统。重要的是,最初的临床研究已证明AAV基因治疗在帕金森综合征和脊髓性肌萎缩等疾病中具有令人鼓舞的安全性和有效性以及转基因表达的持久性。

8月10日,Nature Reviews上发表了一篇关于AAV基因治疗神经系统疾病的进展与展望,通讯作者是Voyager Therapeutics的首席科学官Dinah WY Sah。文中探讨了未来设计和开发治疗性AAV载体的关键考虑因素和挑战,并且列举了最近的临床进展。

AAV基因治疗有希望的分子靶点



AAV基因治疗神经系统疾病的临床试验



AAV衣壳设计和选择

AAV基因治疗靶向神经系统疾病的全部潜力主要由衣壳决定,这决定了靶向的组织和细胞类型。

迄今为止,定向进化是开发具有特定生物学功能的AAV衣壳最成功的方法,这种方法的优势源于高通量,如数百万个序列可以通过相互测试来获得最有效的序列,并且不需要对增强机制有预先的认识。该方法可以应用于增强转导效率、降低免疫原性、实现对特定组织或细胞类型的特异性以及改善轴突运输或扩散等。

具体步骤:

a. 通过同源性的重组和改组、肽插入或易错PCR在AAV基因组内引入多样性来产生高度多样化的衣壳库

b. 然后使用含有衣壳的基因组文库来产生病毒文库

c. 随后在体内或体外施加选择压力

d. 通过PCR、基于细胞类型特异性Cre的扩增或用腺病毒复制回收衣壳序列

e. 可以使用多轮选择来富集最有效的衣壳,然后用基于条形码的方法筛选富集的衣壳和/或在动物模型中进行单独测试。


AAV衣壳定向进化的主要步骤(图片来源:Nature Reviews)

注:CREATE,一种基于Cre的细胞类型特异性选择方法; FACS,荧光激活细胞分选; SCHEMA,一种用于生成重组库的结构指导方法。

AAV载体基因组的设计

AAV衣壳的内部是重组载体基因组,其包含AAV反向末端重复序列、转基因、启动子和转录后调控元件。

强启动子可能提供人工高水平的表达,甚至达到潜在毒性水平,与内源蛋白水平更接近匹配的转基因表达水平足够并且可能更好地被人体耐受。

在所有情况下,确定转基因在哪些细胞表达以及表达强度的基因调控元件,对于提供有效和安全的治疗至关重要。基因调控元件除了控制表达水平之外,还可限制靶细胞类型的表达,以获得最佳治疗益处并减少脱靶。目前,基因调控元件的开发仍然是一个活跃的研究领域,将继续扩大可用于优化转基因表达的选择。


CNS疾病基因治疗的3种策略:a. 最常见的是通过递送转基因进行基因置换;b. 抗体表达(免疫)是传统被动免疫的有希望的替代方案;c. 基因沉默:RNA干扰(RNAi)或基因编辑

AAV载体临床应用面临的挑战

给药方式

将基因有效递送至靶标是基因治疗成功的第一个关键步骤。在人体实验中,CNS基因治疗最早开始运用的是脑实质内(IPa)给药。IPa直接给予AAV载体可绕过血脑屏障(BBB)将基因直接递送到特定的脑区域,已被证明人体能很好地耐受。其他优点包括在外周器官的最小生物分布、降低免疫原性,并且显着降低载体剂量。

MRI指导成像系统的出现显着地改善基因治疗药物直接递送到离散的大脑区域的精确性,提供了针对每个受试者近乎实时地定制和优化剂量的能力。

鞘内(IT)、脑室内(ICV)给药也已经在多种临床前试验中进行了测试,并开始在进行临床评估。而到目前为止,皮下注射给药仅限于临床前研究。与IPa给药相比,IT或ICV给药导致载体基因组和转基因的较低组织水平和更不均匀的分布,总剂量通常高于IPa给药所用的剂量,但低于IV给药所用的剂量。

与IPa、IT或ICV给药不同,AAV载体的静脉内给药(IV)具有将基因非侵入性地转移至整个CNS并且更均匀分布的潜力。迄今为止,IV给药在I型SMA婴儿中是成功的,其中非常适度水平的转基因表达可能足以获得治疗益处。

但IV注射使AAV暴露于预先感染天然AAV的受试者,具有抗体中和的潜在风险,估计有90%的成年人接触过AAV,这可能对AAV载体应用产生深远的负面影响。目前,通过衣壳工程修饰衣壳表面表位可以更好地逃避中和抗体的识别。对于年龄较大的儿童和成人进行CNS疾病的给药,还需要考虑所需的高剂量。

肌肉注射(IM)递送AAV载体可以替代用于靶向CNS的抗体治疗剂。肌肉的局部AAV转导可以成为转基因表达的贮库(持续释放目的抗体),因此减少了目前的被动免疫方案中每月IV治疗抗体的需要。

在基因递送过程中,需要了解递送的基因如何在靶标内分布以及递送的基因是否以高浓度定位于靶标。尽管直接递送(IPa)具有前期风险和成本,但它避免了预先存在的免疫力和非靶组织中的全身分布和表达相关的潜在不利影响。

安全性

大多数临床上先进的AAV基因治疗计划涉及基因置换,只有适度增加的功能蛋白表达可能足以获得临床益处。治疗性转基因在非靶组织中的表达或在靶细胞内过表达,均有可能导致基因置换的潜在毒性作用。

例如,MECP2(编码甲基-CpG结合蛋白2)中的突变导致女性的Rett综合征,但该基因的重复也导致男孩的智力发育障碍。小鼠模型中的MeCP2过表达导致行为异常、学习障碍和癫痫发作。因此,对Rett综合征的成功治疗需要转基因表达保持在非常狭窄的治疗窗内。

与基因沉默相关的潜在毒性作用还将取决于内源蛋白的功能、干预的时间和miRNA的表达水平以及由此产生的沉默。

尽管AAV基因治疗在迄今为止的一系列疾病中已被很好地耐受,但是调节表达仍然是靶标和疾病选择的重要安全考虑因素。另外,在接受基因治疗后免疫应答和转基因持久表达可能妨碍受试者参与其他临床试验。因此,具有高度未满足的临床需求和符合风险效益的疾病更加适合使用AAV基因治疗。

制备

用于治疗神经疾病的成功的AAV基因疗法需要一个生产平台,该生产平台可重复地提供在多个批次中具有足够和相当质量的载体,并且可用于晚期临床开发和商业化。

哺乳动物细胞(如HEK293细胞)中的传统生产系统可以产生高质量载体,但产量有限。相比之下,使用杆状病毒-Sf9昆虫细胞生产AAV载体已被证明可将载体产量提高约10倍至100倍。然而,对于一些衣壳,昆虫细胞产生的载体的效力可能低于哺乳动物细胞中产生的载体,但这可以通过分子工程成功克服。

对于需要有限量载体的CNS应用,例如脑实质内给予的AAV载体,使用哺乳动物系统可能就足够了。然而,对于静脉内(IV)和鞘内(IT)给予的AAV载体,哺乳动物系统提供临床开发所需的量都是一个重要的挑战,更不用说扩大到商业化。

目前,可以扩展以满足这些需求的AAV载体生产系统包括杆状病毒-Sf9系统、基于重组HSV的系统和腺病毒-HeLa细胞系统。

结语

基于AAV载体的基因疗法是一种快速出现的潜在治疗或甚至预防神经疾病的方法。单次给药后,治疗基因表达的持久性具有重要的优势。AAV基因治疗中枢神经系统疾病的临床载体安全性和疗效说明了AAV基因治疗治疗神经退行性疾病的显着潜力。设计和开发新的AAV以满足更多的CNS靶标有利于该疗法的进一步发展。

原始出处:Benjamin E. Deverman, Bernard M. Ravina, Krystof S. Bankiewicz, et al. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: progress and prospects. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 10 August 2018

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  3. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 15:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339112, encodeId=84d733911210, content=AAV基因治疗神经系统疾病。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:50:18 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339101, encodeId=998f339101f7, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:01:41 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-15 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

  4. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:01:41 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-27 huangshang9812

    哈哈哈,学习了

    0

  5. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 15:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339112, encodeId=84d733911210, content=AAV基因治疗神经系统疾病。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:50:18 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339101, encodeId=998f339101f7, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:01:41 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-18 liye789132251
  6. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 15:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339112, encodeId=84d733911210, content=AAV基因治疗神经系统疾病。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:50:18 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339101, encodeId=998f339101f7, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:01:41 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-18 xuqianhua
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1862315, encodeId=600118623157c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1f0e626267' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Drug#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6262, encryptionId=1f0e626267, topicName=Drug)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=baf586, createdName=wangbingxhy, createdTime=Sat Oct 13 21:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2012777, encodeId=ee8e2012e77bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d69598468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Dis#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5984, encryptionId=7d69598468, topicName=Dis)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ba7103, createdName=xuqianhua, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 15:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1283086, encodeId=921a128308682, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 15:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587853, encodeId=3589158e8530d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb1e1006ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ISC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:01:41 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 15:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339112, encodeId=84d733911210, content=AAV基因治疗神经系统疾病。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:50:18 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339101, encodeId=998f339101f7, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:01:41 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-18 yankaienglish
  9. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Aug 17 08:01:41 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-17 liumin1987

    AAV基因治疗神经系统疾病。

    0

  10. 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    2018-08-17 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

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