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AAOS:膝关节骨关节炎循证医学指南(第二版)

2013-10-16 evilwind dxy

摘要 《膝关节骨关节炎循证医学指南》(第二版),主要基于现有科研和临床研究的系统评价而制定。该指南仅包括15项推荐意见,与2008年AAOS临床实践指南相比,二者分析汇总证据的方法有所不同,第二版指南重新评估了5年前第一版指南所遵循的证据。【原文下载】 本版指南不支持使用黏弹性补充疗法(viscosupplementation)(如透明质酸钠等,编者注)治疗膝关节骨关节炎,此外,制定该指南

摘要

《膝关节骨关节炎循证医学指南》(第二版),主要基于现有科研和临床研究的系统评价而制定。该指南仅包括15项推荐意见,与2008年AAOS临床实践指南相比,二者分析汇总证据的方法有所不同,第二版指南重新评估了5年前第一版指南所遵循的证据。【原文下载

本版指南不支持使用黏弹性补充疗法(viscosupplementation)(如透明质酸钠等,编者注)治疗膝关节骨关节炎,此外,制定该指南的工作组强调为明确膝关节骨关节炎的治疗需要更好的科学研究。

总则

综合美国风湿病学会、美国家庭医师学会和美国物理治疗协会的意见,美国骨科医师协会(AAOS)最近颁布了第二版膝关节骨关节炎循证医学指南。与2008年AAOS临床实践指南不同的是其包括15项推荐意见,这是因为两版指南分析汇总证据的方法有所不同,第二版指南重新评估了5年前第一版指南所遵循的证据。

第一版AAOS指南所遵循的证据来源于三个方面:美国医疗保健研究和质量管理局的证据报告——原发和继发的膝关节骨关节炎治疗指南,骨性关节炎研究协会的国际指南和Cochrane数据库中的系统回顾。正如很多AAOS会员和其他行业代表注意到的,原来的指南与AAOS对现有证据进行独立分析的标准不同。

AAOS不再依赖于以往系统评价对证据的分析,因为其纳入的研究存在明显的差异,可增加潜在的偏倚,并且这些系统评价在临床的适应范围也存在差异。Sharma等在关节置换的Meta分析中强调了这一现象。出于以上考虑,AAOS主任委员授权加快相关指南的更新。

当前工作组采用2008年指南推荐的医学主题词(Mesh)来进行系统回顾分析。纳入标准与第一版有明显的区别。首先本次纳入的研究要求至少要有30例样本,这样可以排除那些小样本、低效应的临床研究,同时也能减少发表偏倚。此外还要求纳入研究随访期至少4周,那些报道治疗后两周可能带来潜在临床效果的研究没有纳入本次系统回顾分析。

本研究回顾了超过10000篇独立文献,AAOS使用最佳证据合成来进行循证医学证据分析,这是指所有符合纳入标准的研究都被仔细解读,只有那些最高循证医学等级的有效研究才能进入meta分析和网络meta分析。

完成上述系统分析后形成第二版膝关节骨关节炎临床实践指南(CPG)初稿,经过最广泛的同行专家审查后形成AAOS临床实践指南(CPG)。代表着各个专业的16位同行审稿人都一丝不苟地对样稿给予了相关建议,根据他们的建设性专业意见对指南进行了针对性的重大修改。

例如,针对某项治疗样稿仅仅指出临床上是否有效,而没有分析是否可能有害。原指南对某些治疗的意见是“不推荐”,但其实“不推荐”可能暗示“有害”。本工作组采纳了此建议后重新组织语言,本指南中包括四条“不推荐”(第3A、6、9和12条推荐)和两条“不建议”(第5和11条推荐),这都是暗示该条款临床有效性的证据不足。

2013版指南与2008版最大的区别在于不支持使用粘度补充剂治疗膝关节骨关节炎。2008版中认为透明质酸治疗疗效不确定,新版则强烈不建议使用透明质酸(第9条推荐),这也是AAOS为如此快速更新临床治疗指南的原因。

第二版中该条款写到“对有症状的膝关节骨关节炎患者,我们不建议使用透明质酸”,本工作组能够理解该条建议对临床治疗所带来的理念冲击,但循证医学证据并不支持黏弹性补充疗法。

尽管很多研究表明,与对照组相比,使用高分子量透明质酸治疗OA的效果有统计学差异,但该差异达不到最小临床意义变化值(MCII)标准,因此不具有临床差异。AAOS认为最小临床意义变化值是评估这类研究的最佳方法,因此我们分析了14篇采用最小临床意义变化值来衡量粘度补充治疗法的高、中质量研究,均未发现该治疗方法具有临床显著性差异。

综上所述,如同其他系统回顾所强调,不支持粘度补充治疗方法的研究较那些支持粘度补充治疗方法的研究更难发表,因此关于粘度补充治疗法的相关研究有较明显的发表者偏差。

尽管对阳性结果的研究有明显的发表偏差,但如果以最小临床意义变化值(MCII)为标准的话,目前研究仍不能表明关节腔内注射透明质酸临床有效。鉴于本研究结果有很强的临床影响力,可能会引起一些支持使用透明质酸(HA)的同行不满。

我们仔细审核了那些支持透明质酸(HA)使用的系统回顾,发现他们在进行证据分析时犯了很多错误。这些研究中大部分没有排除发表者偏差和研究间异质性,在给出最终建议时没有评估治疗的临床疗效差异性。此外很多使用最小临床意义变化值为标准来评估临床疗效差异性的研究者犯了一些本质上的错误。

从起草AAOS临床实践指南开始,工作组一直以最小临床意义变化值为标准来评估临床治疗的有效性,这样可以确定一项治疗是否真的临床有效,而不仅仅是因为一点点改进而带来的统计学有效。

本版指南的制定还应用了另外两项衡量治疗效应强度的工具,一项是患者可接受症状评分,他代表着患者满意度的绝对评分,另一项是IMMPACT评分,他代表对治疗满意患者的百分比。

相对于AAOS临床实践指南的证据分析要求,这两种方法都有一定的方法逻辑学不足。因此仍有待更高质量的研究来进行客观评价,这些研究的方法应具有更高的方法逻辑学质量,且必须对相关的亚组进行深入的分析。

其他推荐条款也基于其循证医学证据的强度进行了适当调整。例如很多评审员建议将关节腔内注射糖皮质激素的推荐等级降级,尽管临床上仍有患者使用关节腔内注射糖皮质激素治疗膝关节骨关节炎,但循证医学已经不太支持此类治疗。

在是否对膝关节骨关节炎患者行关节镜下半月板切除术治疗这一问题上,尽管专家均予推荐,但基于循证医学证据本指南将推荐级别从“一致赞成”修改为“不确定”,但实际上这些推荐级别为不确定的条款在膝OA的临床治疗上确实有其可取之处。

第二版膝关节骨关节炎临床实践指南的编撰过程中,特别重视第一版分析证据时所犯的方法学错误。在同行专家的参与指导下,我们对样稿和循证医学证据分析进行批判性评价,最终受益良多,以后我们也将坚持这一方式。如同其他所有AAOS临床实践指南,本指南并不指望成为一项覆盖所有临床决策的工具。AAOS仍然希望指南被正确解读和使用,从而更好的为患者和医生服务。

尽管目前的指南尚处于明确某种药物、某项干预操作或者某种诊断试验是否有效的阶段,但今后我们将会制定恰当应用标准(AUC)。恰当应用标准将进一步规范选用恰当的药物、外科干预和诊断试验的“适宜患者”和“最佳时期”。目前正在制定以本指南为基础的恰当应用标准,这将进一步明确膝关节骨关节炎患者的临床治疗路径。

工作组强调:为了得到治疗膝OA更高等级的循证医学证据,需要设计更严谨的临床试验,还需要改进研究方法以区分治疗是否真正临床有效。无论推荐等级为强烈还是不确定,目前的循证医学证据都不足以做出重要的临床决策。

临床研究中个人价值观和偏好必须平衡以保证临床证据达到最佳决策共享,循证医学并不是一个“一刀切”的方法。我们得清楚循证医学整合包括三要素:科学证据、医生经验和患者意见,任何单一因素均不能作为临床决策依据。

原文下载

Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee evidence-based guideline, 2nd edition.

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    2014-07-15 yinhl1978
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    2014-02-06 lisa438
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    2013-10-18 lmm397
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    2013-10-18 xjy04
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