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新型口服抗凝药预防亚洲人群非瓣膜房颤患者卒中的优势

2015-07-06 张玉生 暨南大学附属第一医院 天坛国际脑血管病会议

首先张玉生教授介绍了亚洲AF患者的特点和传统抗栓治疗。根据流行病学调查研究显示亚洲AF疾病负荷将持续增加,尤其是中国,到2050年中国男性房颤患者将达到250万,女性房颤患者将达到310万。多个大型RCT研究(如RE-LY、ROCKET、ARISTOTLE、ENGAGE)或注册研究(如REALISE、RELY、RECORD)结果均显示亚洲AF患者

首先张玉生教授介绍了亚洲AF患者的特点和传统抗栓治疗。根据流行病学调查研究显示亚洲AF疾病负荷将持续增加,尤其是中国,到2050年中国男性房颤患者将达到250万,女性房颤患者将达到310万。多个大型RCT研究(如RE-LY、ROCKET、ARISTOTLE、ENGAGE)或注册研究(如REALISE、RELY、RECORD)结果均显示亚洲AF患者合并卒中/ TIA的比例均高于非亚洲人群。另外对36项人群研究的荟萃分析,纳入了21个国家、9 151 929例人群,有8145例颅内出血患者。该分析提示亚洲人群基线颅内出血的发生风险更高,基本上是白人的两倍以上。

可见亚洲AF患者特点:

• AF疾病负荷沉重

• 卒中和栓塞风险更高

• 颅内出血风险更高

关于AF患者抗栓治疗,2007年一项Meta分析发现,华法林直接与阿司匹林对比显示华法林降低卒中风险达39%,提示AF患者卒中预防抗凝治疗显著优于抗血小板治疗。而关于亚洲人群的一项来自香港的研究纳入了9727例非瓣膜AF患者,随访3年以上,结果显示抗凝治疗效果>抗血小板>不抗栓。胡大一教授主持的大陆一项研究纳入了非瓣膜AF患者704例,华法林预防中国大陆AF患者缺血性卒中的疗效显著优于阿司匹林。关于AF患者口服抗凝治疗普及情况,RE-LY前瞻性AF登记研究,纳入46个国家,15,400例急诊AF患者,统计CHADS2≥2的AF患者使用华法林比例,结果北美华法林使用比例60%以上,西欧、中欧洲均在50%以上,而中国仅为10%左右,明显较低。国内一项调查研究显示中国大陆AF患者抗凝治疗率仅为14.3%,明显不足。关于AF患者对华法林治疗的反应,4个NOAC AF Ⅲ期临床研究显示亚洲AF患者华法林组缺血性事件、出血事件发生率均高于非亚洲人群;多项研究提示亚洲AF患者国际标准化比值 (INR)易波动,削弱了华法林的疗效和安全性,无论在临床试验还是真实世界中,亚洲AF患者服用华法林期间INR达标率均较非亚洲患者差。

可见亚洲AF患者治疗现状:

• 抗凝治疗显著优于抗血小板治疗

• 华法林治疗率低

• 华法林治疗后INR达标率低

• 华法林的治疗反应不理想

因此亚洲AF患者亟需新型口服抗凝药:

• 疗效不劣于或优于华法林

• 安全性优于华法林

• 无需监测、无治疗窗限制

非瓣膜病AF患者新型口服抗凝剂(NOAC):

• 凝血酶抑制剂:达比加群(dabigatran) RE-LY研究

• Xa因子抑制剂:利伐沙班(rivaroxaban) ROCKET-AF研究,阿哌沙班(apixaban) AVERROES和ARISTOTLE研究,依度沙班(edoxaban) ENGAGE-AF研究

荟萃分析显示NOAC在亚洲AF患者预防卒中/全身性栓塞的疗效与总体人群结果一致,且NOAC在亚洲AF患者出血风险更小。

国内外指南/专家共识对NOAC预防非瓣膜AF患者卒中的推荐:

2014 AHA/ASA卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作预防指南

• 对于阵发性或持续性非瓣膜性AF患者,均有必要使用维生素K拮抗剂(Ⅰ类,A级)、 阿哌沙班(Ⅰ类,A级)和达比加群(Ⅰ类,B级)预防卒中复发。应根据危险因素、价格、耐受性、患者偏好、潜在的药物相互作用及其他临床特点,包括肾功能以及INR达标时程(已服VKA患者),进行个体化抗凝药的选择。

• 非瓣膜性房颤患者使用利伐沙班预防复发性卒中是合理的(Ⅱa类,B级)。

• 对于所有缺血性卒中或TIA患者,都不推荐口服抗凝药(华法林或NOAC)与抗血小板药联合治疗,但对合并明显临床冠状动脉疾病(CAD)的患者,尤其是有急性冠状动脉综合征或支架置入术患者,这种联合治疗是合理的(Ⅱb类,C级)。

• 对于伴有AF的急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者,如果不能接受口服抗凝药,推荐单独使用阿司匹林治疗(Ⅰ类,A级)。与阿司匹林单药治疗相比,阿司匹林联用氯吡格雷治疗可能是合理的(Ⅱb类,B级)。

2014缺血性卒中/TIA患者合并AF抗栓治疗中国专家共识

• 伴AF的缺血性卒中/TIA患者,推荐长期口服抗凝剂治疗(I级推荐,A级证据)。抗凝剂可选择华法林(I级推荐,A级证据) 或新型口服抗凝剂(达比加群、利伐沙班或阿哌沙班;I级推荐,B级证据)。新型口服抗凝剂疗效不劣于或优于华法林,安全性更高。

• 伴AF的缺血性卒中/TIA患者口服华法林抗凝过程中,应定期监测INR并调整其剂量,INR靶目标值为2.0~3.0 (I级推荐,A级证据)。

• 对口服抗凝剂有禁忌、不依从或没有条件使用者,推荐使用抗血小板治疗(Ⅰ级推荐,A级证据)。氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林的疗效优于单用阿司匹林,但增加大出血风险,有一定的净效益 (II级推荐,B级证据)。

• 推荐对所有需抗栓治疗的患者使用HAS-BLED评分等工具评估出血危险(I级推荐,B级证据)。HAS-BLED评分大于3分者仍可因抗栓而获益,但应积极控制出血的危险因素,严密监测,并与患者做好沟通。

2014中国缺血性卒中和TIA二级预防指南

• 对伴有AF(包括阵发性)的缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者,推荐使用适当剂量的华法林口服抗凝治疗,以预防再发的血栓栓塞事件。华法林的目标剂量是维持INR在2.0-3.0(Ⅰ级推荐,A级证据)。

• 新型口服抗凝剂可作为华法林的替代药物,新型口服抗凝剂包括达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班以及依度沙班(Ⅰ级推荐,A级证据),选择何种药物应考虑个体化因素。

• 伴有AF的缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者,若不能接受口服抗凝药物治疗,推荐应用阿司匹林单药治疗(Ⅰ级推荐,A级证据)。也可以选择阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗(Ⅱ级推荐,B级证据)。

• 伴有AF的缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者,应根据缺血的严重程度和出血转化的风险,选择抗凝时机。建议出现神经功能症状14d内给予抗凝治疗预防脑卒中复发,对于出血风险高的患者,应适当延长抗凝时机(Ⅱ级推荐,B级证据)。

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    2015-08-05 hlycom3356

    目前这些优势也无法得到较大体现

    0

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    2015-08-05 hlycom3356

    希望未来能够突破

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943164, encodeId=a772194316471, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=994f5820890' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新型口服抗凝药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58208, encryptionId=994f5820890, topicName=新型口服抗凝药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Fri Sep 18 16:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=34621, encodeId=f569346214c, content=目前这些优势也无法得到较大体现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=332823945, createdName=hlycom3356, createdTime=Wed Aug 05 21:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=34622, encodeId=97a7346224e, content=希望未来能够突破, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=166, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=332823945, createdName=hlycom3356, createdTime=Wed Aug 05 21:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=34620, encodeId=fd983462041, content=我觉得这种口服药存在很多隐患, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=332823945, createdName=hlycom3356, createdTime=Wed Aug 05 21:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31778, encodeId=ace531e78ff, content=学习中, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d0f31631005, createdName=保守主义, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 08:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31779, encodeId=1c9531e797a, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d0f31631005, createdName=保守主义, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 08:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31658, encodeId=27a03165840, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Wed Jul 08 12:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377363, encodeId=27a613e7363d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3098382134a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#口服抗凝药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38213, encryptionId=3098382134a, topicName=口服抗凝药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=49ef408, createdName=hunizi005, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 23:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1583453, encodeId=a67a158345385, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=508d68e698c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#瓣膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68769, encryptionId=508d68e698c, topicName=瓣膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=58dc16986228, createdName=12498e5fm17(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Jul 07 23:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1614266, encodeId=0973161426607, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64f95426122' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#房颤患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54261, encryptionId=64f95426122, topicName=房颤患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=937e19519012, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 23:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-08-05 hlycom3356

    我觉得这种口服药存在很多隐患

    0

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    2015-07-09 保守主义

    学习中

    0

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    2015-07-09 保守主义

    有意思

    0

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    2015-07-08 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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两项研究对新型口服抗凝药(NOAC)在房颤患者中预防卒中的安全性和有效性进行了非直接比较,并有助于指导临床医生根据患者情况选择使用NOAC。论文于2014年5月发表于《血栓与止血》(Thrombosis and Haemostasis)。第一项研究对比较NOAC与华法林的四项大型III期试验进行了分析。非直接比较显示,大剂量依度沙班(60 mg,可根据患者特征进行减量至30 mg)与达比加群(11

Eur Heart J :房颤患者抗凝治疗:依度沙班与华法林疗效比较

研究提示,之前未使用过维生素K拮抗剂的房颤患者,其卒中死亡率高于曾使用过维生素K拮抗剂患者。然而,首次使用新型口服抗凝药患者疗效和安全性仍受争议。而且,对于目前已使用维生素K拮抗剂的患者,其更换新型口服抗凝药后的疗效和安全性也是未知的。因此,波士顿布莱根妇女医院心血管科Michelle L. O’Donoghue等人,在ENGAGEAF-TIMI48研究中,对曾使用维生素K拮抗剂的患者,比较研

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