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药品不良反应也有性别之分

2016-06-21 宋征 王晓坤 刘晓杰 王宁 中国医药报

由于男性和女性在器官生理和身体结构上的差异,决定了男女身高体重、激素分泌、脂肪分布等差异,导致药物的药动学和药效学的不同,从而改变了药物的疗效和不良反应。

大家知道吗?由于男性和女性在器官生理和身体结构上的差异,决定了男女身高体重、激素分泌、脂肪分布等差异,导致药物的药动学和药效学的不同,从而改变了药物的疗效和不良反应。因此,很多药物的不良反应男女有别。

女性敏感的药物占多数

麻醉药  雌激素不仅会让女性体内的脂肪在数量上多于男性,同时还会影响脂肪在体内的分布,使进入体内的药物与蛋白的结合率产生差异。因此,在使用麻醉
药时,女性出现不良反应的概率要比男性高;女性麻醉后醒来的时间要比男性平均早7分钟,但男性能在更短的时间内完全恢复。此外,女性更容易受麻醉药不良反
应的影响,如恶心、呕吐、头痛、背痛和喉咙痛更多见。

阿片类药  阿片类药物产生呼吸抑制的程度存在性别差异,女性对其敏感度高于男
性,即如果镇痛剂量相同,女性更易出现呼吸抑制。应用阿片类药物止痛治疗时,女性患者恶心、呕吐的胃肠道不良反应的发生率显著高于男性。应用吗啡注射剂
后,男性可出现高血压,而女性不会出现;女性心率减慢,而男性变化不大。另外,阿片类药物的药物依赖性也有性别差异,女性药物依赖者对药物的渴求程度及主
观戒断反应性(包括焦虑失眠、食欲不振、心情抑郁和强迫用药行为)均明显高于男性。

抗精神病类药  由于女性的CYP1A2酶活性较男
性低,往往导致抗精神病类药物氯氮平和奥氮平的血药浓度高于男性;利培酮可引起女性催乳素水平升高,导致女性骨质疏松和性功能障碍的发生率高于男性;研究
还表明,阿立哌唑、氯氮平、奥氮平、喹硫平、利培酮及齐拉西酮等抗精神病药物使女性出现代谢综合征、心电图异常以及锥体外系症状明显高于男性。

促睡眠的药  女性由于体内缺乏某些肝药酶,使某些药物在体内清除速度明显慢于男性。如女性服用氯苯那敏等抗组胺药以及唑吡坦类安眠药后,更容易出现犯困、嗜睡等不良反应,使女性开车和从事危险工作的风险升高。

普萘洛尔  口服该药时,中国女性比男性的生物利用度高。由于酶的作用,女性服药后普萘洛尔的整体清除率较低而表现分布容积较小,使女性服药后更易产生不良反应。

高渗葡萄糖溶液  进行葡萄糖耐量试验时需要服用高渗葡萄糖溶液。在该试验不良反应的报道中发现,胃肠道不良反应居多,表现为恶心、反酸、呕吐、腹胀,其中女性发生率明显高于男性。这可能与女性胃酸分泌较男性要少,胃排空慢有关。

葛根素注射液  在产生发热这一不良反应的患者中,男性明显多于女性。这可能是由于男性本身前列腺素的含量较高,加之葛根素作用于下丘脑体温调节中枢后,使前列腺素合成分泌增加,引起发热。

阿莫西林-克拉维酸  该药所致的肝损害中,男性比例明显高于女性。

男女特殊时期也受影响

生理结构上的区别让男性和女性都有一些用药的特殊时期,需要引起注意。

女性  阿司匹林会使女性月经量增多,香豆素、肝素等抗凝药及溶栓剂则不宜在经期使用,否则可能引起大出血。此外,经期还应慎用阴道栓剂。性激素类药物
如炔雌醇、黄体酮等,会影响人的内分泌系统,在月经期间应用时容易引起月经周期、行经时间及经血量异常;而更年期女性的内分泌发生变化,还容易出现骨质疏
松。因此,在应用糖皮质激素类药,如泼尼松、甲泼尼龙等片剂及注射剂时,应积极补充钙剂;在应用含有糖皮质激素的吸入剂时,如布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂后要及时漱口。

男性  中年后,由于男性的前列腺功能逐渐退化,氯苯那敏的抗胆碱作用会使膀胱逼尿肌松弛、收缩力降低,加重前列腺增生的症状,让排尿更困难。因此,建议中老年男性应慎用氯苯那敏,以防其对前列腺的影响。

此外,有些药物长期服用可使男性女性化,如利培酮、雷尼替丁、螺内酯等,主要表现在乳房的发育、阳痿、性功能低下。

国内外研究发现,发生药物不良反应的比例女性明显高于男性,这有可能与过去的药物试验主要都在男性身上进行有关。因此,不管是临床医师还是患者,在应用以上药物时,都应关注性别差异所致的不良反应的异同,共同促进药物的合理应用。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840486, encodeId=2df9184048663, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9401204912f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20491, encryptionId=9401204912f, topicName=不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e76f39, createdName=smartjoy, createdTime=Wed Nov 23 13:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2045669, encodeId=57e92045669a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57198e34821' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药品不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87348, encryptionId=57198e34821, topicName=药品不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaP1mV9qBwx5tE2F4xcG1r4x1PibWvluIFLB8VsViakqNMBia2Z0wFibVrYwDEILvHB1OomzzTAAGy5MVl5BrdEv9Bw/132, createdBy=e11f100, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Fri Sep 16 09:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90771, encodeId=8b3890e715d, content=这还是第一次了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2SEXGDldsNfP4rKvY7vJmaHcyvLXicuyaCTJtVOkX3jvd6DwNMD88hDjJwsU7MnUH6zeqC4zt3yGV/0, createdBy=4e701628585, createdName=flyingzyx, createdTime=Wed Jun 22 07:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90763, encodeId=f10690e6314, content=值得注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Wed Jun 22 06:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90762, encodeId=38c890e6228, content=是这样的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Wed Jun 22 06:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840486, encodeId=2df9184048663, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9401204912f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20491, encryptionId=9401204912f, topicName=不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e76f39, createdName=smartjoy, createdTime=Wed Nov 23 13:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2045669, encodeId=57e92045669a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57198e34821' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药品不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87348, encryptionId=57198e34821, topicName=药品不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaP1mV9qBwx5tE2F4xcG1r4x1PibWvluIFLB8VsViakqNMBia2Z0wFibVrYwDEILvHB1OomzzTAAGy5MVl5BrdEv9Bw/132, createdBy=e11f100, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Fri Sep 16 09:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90771, encodeId=8b3890e715d, content=这还是第一次了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2SEXGDldsNfP4rKvY7vJmaHcyvLXicuyaCTJtVOkX3jvd6DwNMD88hDjJwsU7MnUH6zeqC4zt3yGV/0, createdBy=4e701628585, createdName=flyingzyx, createdTime=Wed Jun 22 07:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90763, encodeId=f10690e6314, content=值得注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Wed Jun 22 06:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90762, encodeId=38c890e6228, content=是这样的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Wed Jun 22 06:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-22 flyingzyx

    这还是第一次了解

    0

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    2016-06-22 milkshark

    值得注意

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840486, encodeId=2df9184048663, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9401204912f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20491, encryptionId=9401204912f, topicName=不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e76f39, createdName=smartjoy, createdTime=Wed Nov 23 13:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2045669, encodeId=57e92045669a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57198e34821' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药品不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87348, encryptionId=57198e34821, topicName=药品不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaP1mV9qBwx5tE2F4xcG1r4x1PibWvluIFLB8VsViakqNMBia2Z0wFibVrYwDEILvHB1OomzzTAAGy5MVl5BrdEv9Bw/132, createdBy=e11f100, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Fri Sep 16 09:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90771, encodeId=8b3890e715d, content=这还是第一次了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2SEXGDldsNfP4rKvY7vJmaHcyvLXicuyaCTJtVOkX3jvd6DwNMD88hDjJwsU7MnUH6zeqC4zt3yGV/0, createdBy=4e701628585, createdName=flyingzyx, createdTime=Wed Jun 22 07:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90763, encodeId=f10690e6314, content=值得注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Wed Jun 22 06:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90762, encodeId=38c890e6228, content=是这样的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Wed Jun 22 06:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-22 milkshark

    是这样的

    0

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