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普克鲁胺治疗轻中度新冠三期临床试验的期中分析未获阳性结果,给我们有哪些启示?

2021-12-28 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

12月27日,开拓药业发布公告表示,根据普克鲁胺治疗新冠非住院患者的全球多中心临床试验中期数据显示,数据未达到统计学意义。

12月27日,开拓药业发布公告表示,根据普克鲁胺治疗新冠非住院患者的全球多中心临床试验中期数据显示,数据未达到统计学意义。

一般来说,如果期中分析未达预设结果,原则上本试验就应该停止或放弃。当然,也不排除期中试验设计欠合理,后续进一步开展的可能,但是,一般来说是比较困难的。因为期中试验时,大部分已纳入50-70%左右的患者,此时结果并未达预期的话,即使研究完全结束,很难有阳性结果。

类似的,默克Molnupiravar新冠口服药物,期中分析时有效率能达到70%,但是,整个研究结束时,有效率仅为30%。详细:默沙东新冠病毒口服药有效率降至30%!

这项研究基本设计如下:

公司表示,将继续和FDA沟通,对临床试验做出修改,进一步研究普克鲁胺治疗新冠的效果。

事实上,开拓药物普克鲁胺治疗新冠,仍然有两项试验在进行,一项是对住院治疗的新冠患者,另一项是对住进ICU的重症新冠肺炎患者。前者也在美国进行,但需要招募1030例患者,预计到今年夏天会有初步结果;后者仍然在巴西进行。

普克鲁胺在南美获得“奇效”

此前,在巴拉圭开展了普克鲁胺对轻症、中度和重症新冠患者均显示出疗效,在巴拉圭236名轻至中度新冠患者,口服普克鲁胺200mg/天或者安慰剂,结果显示,在第7天,普克鲁胺组82%的受试者通过核酸检测查不到病毒,而安慰剂组这个比例为31%;与安慰剂相比,普克鲁胺在轻至中度COVID-19患者第7天显著加速病毒清除。普克鲁胺治疗组患者的平均临床缓解时间为4.2±5.4天,安慰剂组为21.8±13.0天;与安慰剂相比,普克鲁胺治疗的患者到临床缓解的时间显著缩短。因此,普克鲁胺已经在巴拉圭获得紧急使用授权(EUA),用于新冠住院患者的治疗。

同时,在巴西开展的三项临床试验初步表明,普克鲁胺对新冠肺炎轻中症非住院和住院患者具有较好疗效,将重症患者死亡风险降低78%。同时,

500

普克鲁胺在巴西正在进行针对重症新冠患者的3期临床试验,初步数据分析显示服用普克鲁胺,新冠患者的死亡风险下降了 92%;普克鲁胺组住院时间中位数为 5 天,而对照组为 14 天,表明普克鲁胺可缩短 9 日住院时间。早在2020年12月份,就已有详细报道:普克鲁胺治疗COVID-19获突破:显著降低住院率和重症率,但是,因为结果很难令人信服,即使在国内,也基本没有学者认同普克鲁胺对新冠具有治疗价值。

难以置信的效果,被广泛质疑

但是,这个结果向NEJM等期刊投稿时,都被拒稿。主要原因是效果好到令人难以置信!无论从机制或原理上,都难以给出合理地解释,许多学者对普克鲁胺的作用,以及临床试验提出置疑。详细见:全球五大口服治疗新冠病毒感染药物研发进展,未来是抗新冠病毒主要力量

随着新冠的不断变异,尤其是奥密克戎快速占主导地位以后,住院和重症的患者越来越少,对药物临床试验的挑战难度更大,因为大部分患者都能快速痊愈,使得药物的作用较难体现出来。即使是默克Molnupiravar,放在奥密克戎主导的情况下,很可能连30%的疗效也看不出来。这对普克鲁胺的后续试验而言,具有极大的挑战,成功的概率会更低。

客观分析普克鲁胺的作用

有关普克鲁胺的作用机制,有一些说法,也有争议。一般认为可能与抗雄激素可以起到抑制 AR 的作用,从而下调肺和心脏中 ACE2 和 TMPRSS2 的表达水平。但是,同类AR抑制剂,并没有人拿来开展试验。另外,从新冠发病机制上来说,感染早期和晚期所面临的问题是不同的。

在早期,主要依赖强大的抗病毒活性,Molnupiravir、Paxlovid 这些药能够脱颖而出,就是IC50 很低,进入体内起效很快,快速杀灭病毒。事实上,奥密克戎的病毒增值作用远远超过德尔塔,Molnupiravir、Paxlovid能否在今天还能起到很好作用,都是令人怀疑了。

而当到新冠重症或感染后期,其主要是细胞因子风暴等病理生理改变,抗病毒药物所起到的作用就很有限了。虽然Paxlovid在起病5天内都有效,但是这并不是针对奥密克戎的。

普克鲁胺想从轻中度,重症都通吃,这从药物作用机制角度上看,似乎是不可能的。好得难以置信,这句评价变成了现实。

给其它药物研发和临床试验带来的启示

在国内,不少药物临床试验的结果往往也会受到质疑。记得前阵子默克的PD-L1和TGF-β双特异性抗体M7824临床试验失败,有人认为,如果是国内企业,试验结果可能就成功了。这虽然是句笑话,说明中国临床试验的严谨性仍然有待提高。

同样,在巴西,巴拉圭这些地区开展的临床试验结果,其可信度自然更令人生疑。因此,即使在巴西,巴拉圭出现“奇迹”,我们仍然有冷静对待,审查结果的可靠性,然后再更为严谨地开展临床试验。

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    2022-09-17 小小医者

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    0

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    2022-01-09 ms3000001802944509

    普克鲁胺这么看应该是失败了

    0

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    2021-12-28 病毒猎手

    #普克鲁胺#新药研发征途漫漫呀

    0

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