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欧洲药品管理局提示甲氨蝶呤新增不良反应!一文教你如何应对甲氨蝶呤常见毒性

2022-01-11 用药助手 用药助手

欧洲药品管理局(EMA)网站近期发布了甲氨蝶呤药品说明的修订信息,增加进行性多灶性脑白质病(PML)不良反应的有关提示。

欧洲药品管理局(EMA)网站近期发布了甲氨蝶呤药品说明的修订信息,增加进行性多灶性脑白质病(PML)不良反应的有关提示。

图片

甲氨蝶呤产品说明书修改内容包括:
【特殊警告和注意事项】:进行性多灶性脑白质病(PML)
在甲氨蝶呤用药患者中收到了 PML 的报告,主要发生在与其他免疫抑制药物联合使用时。
PML 可导致死亡,对于处于免疫抑制状态的患者,当其出现新的神经系统症状或神经系统症状发生恶化时,在鉴别诊断中应考虑 PML 的可能。
甲氨蝶呤具有多种不良反应,且轻重程度差异较大,大多数副作用的风险受到甲氨蝶呤剂量和治疗方案的影响。
用于类风湿性关节炎和其他疾病时,甲氨蝶呤会长期低剂量使用,通常是 7.5-25 mg/周,最常观察到的副作用极少危及生命。
一般高剂量治疗会出现肾毒性,低剂量治疗少见肾毒性,但这不是绝对的。高剂量或低剂量甲氨蝶呤均可引发致命的肝毒性、肺损伤和骨髓抑制等不良反应。
那么,甲氨蝶呤的常见毒性反应有哪些?该如何处理?

常见的毒性

1. 症状和体征:

大多数患者会在某个时间以某种形式出现以下一种或多种常见的甲氨蝶呤毒性反应。
  • 胃肠道问题,如恶心、胃部不适和稀便;

  • 口炎或口腔疼痛;

  • 肝脏化学指标异常,通常是肝脏转氨酶轻度升高;

  • 斑点状皮疹,一般见于四肢,常累及肘部和膝部,但躯干不受累;

  • 中枢神经系统症状,包括头痛、乏力、不适或不能集中精力;

  • 脱发;

  • 与药物相关的发热,但发热的原因也可能是感染

  • 血液系统异常,特别是巨幼红细胞性贫血,以及不常见但严重的骨髓抑制。

2. 毒性出现的时间节点

  • 中枢神经系统和胃肠道症状通常在每周使用甲氨蝶呤后 24-48 小时内出现;

  • 脱发通常在数周内出现,一般与剂量无关;

  • 大红细胞症可能在几个月后(使用的较长时间后)出现,该病不一定由叶酸缺乏导致,因为使用甲氨蝶呤的患者通常会每日补充叶酸;大红细胞症也有可能源于无关病因,如维生素 B12 缺乏;叶酸和维生素 B12 血清水平都正常的甲氨蝶呤使用者也可能出现大红细胞症。

  • 皮疹可在每周使用甲氨蝶呤后数日内出现,到下一周给药前消退;

  • 口炎可持续数日或数周,通常较轻,但偶尔可痛到难以进食并导致患者想要停止治疗;

3. 对症处理措施

(1) 恶心:
使用组胺 H2 受体阻滞剂(如,口服雷尼替丁 150-300 mg),或质子泵抑制剂(如,口服奥美拉唑 20-40 mg)。与每周使用甲氨蝶呤一样,这些药物通常也周期性使用,在每周给予甲氨蝶呤的前一晚、当日和次日上午用药。
伴有恶心或其他胃肠道症状的患者也可获益于每日补充叶酸。为了改善恶心,也可将每日叶酸剂量增至 3-5 mg,或者在每周使用甲氨蝶呤后 8-10 小时加用亚叶酸;
(2) 口炎:
 
对于有轻至中度口炎的患者,建议逐步增加叶酸剂量、每次增加1mg,从1mg/d 增至2mg 或以上(最大剂量为5mg/d),直至毒性得到控制。
若患者服用5mg/d 叶酸的疗效不充分或仍有困扰症状,可加用亚叶酸。若患者接受叶酸和亚叶酸联合治疗仍效果不佳,可逐步减少甲氨蝶呤剂量,以确定患者是否可耐受更低剂量。
表现为严重口腔溃疡的患者可能既需要降低甲氨蝶呤剂量、也需要增加叶酸剂量 [6]。(备注:一旦急性毒性反应消退,患者也许能将甲氨蝶呤的周剂量增至出现口腔溃疡前所用的剂量。也应排除近期肾功能减退为促发因素。)
(3) 肝脏化学指标异常:
诱导性 ALT 升高的发生率大约为 14%,AST 升高至异常范围的发生率为 8%。肝酶升高可发生于任何甲氨蝶呤疗程,而且在给药频率超过一周 1 次的患者中升高更明显。肝酶通常在停药后 1 个月内恢复正常。使用药物期间定期进行检测肝功能 [5,7]

关于肝功能监测的具体建议如下:

(a) 应每 4-8 周采集一次血样来检查转氨酶和血清白蛋白(备注:2008 年的 ACR 推荐为:对于甲氨蝶呤剂量稳定的患者,治疗 3 个月后可每 8-12 周监测 1 次,治疗 6 个月以后即可每 12 周监测 1 次);


(b) 若任意一年的 12 次检查中有 6 次异常(或者在每 6 周而非每月检查 1 次时,9 次检查中 5 次异常,则应行肝活检;


(c) 转氨酶异常的定义为高于正常范围,血清白蛋白水平低定义为小于等于 3.4 g/dL(≤ 34 g/L);


备注:目前已不再推荐常规行定期或达到特定甲氨蝶呤积累量后的肝活检监测。仅对有过量饮酒史、基线 AST 持续不正常或慢性乙肝或丙肝感染的患者考虑治疗前肝活检。
补充叶酸可能有助于预防肝毒性,但不能替代持续监测和在转氨酶升高时适当调整甲氨蝶呤剂量。

(4) 皮疹:
对于甲氨蝶呤导致皮疹这种不常见表现的患者,建议减少甲氨蝶呤剂量,但如果药物减量无效,则停用该药,因为皮疹代表着超敏反应。
(5) 神经毒性:
如果出现严重头痛、乏力和不能集中精力这类症状,可能需要减少药物剂量,某些患者将需要停药。尚不明确发生这些情况的机制;有研究提示,甲氨蝶呤的神经毒性可能与抑制嘌呤合成所致的腺苷蓄积有关。
(6) 发热:
发热可由甲氨蝶呤引起,但需要先排除感染病因,才能认为其原因只有甲氨蝶呤。
(7) 血液系统异常 [8,9]
临床经验:若患者的平均红细胞容积(MCV)增至约 110 um3,可停用甲氨蝶呤。研究发现,MCV 持续增加可能是叶酸耗竭所致血液系统毒性的预测指标。然而,尚无临床实践常规证实该结论。血小板减少和白细胞减少或贫血可通过减少剂量来处理,但也可能需要停止治疗,这取决于其严重程度。
 

总结

所有长期使用低剂量甲氨蝶呤的患者,均推荐使用叶酸治疗(1 mg/d)。根据报告的残留症状,可按需要将叶酸剂量增至最大 5 mg/d。亚叶酸仅应用于叶酸疗效不佳的患者(即持续存在毒性时)。
参考文献:
[1]Schiff MH, Jaffe JS, Freundlich B. Head-to-head, randomised, crossover study of oral versus subcutaneous methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: drug-exposure limitations of oral methotrexate at doses ≥ 15 mg may be overcome with subcutaneous administration[J]. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73:1549.
[2]Moura CS, Schieir O, Valois MF, et al. Treatment Strategies in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Methotrexate Management: Results From a Prospective Cohort[J]. Arthritis Care Res(Hoboken) 2020; 72:1104.
[3]van Ede AE, Laan RF, Blom HJ, et al. The C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: a genetic risk factor for methotrexate-related elevation of liver enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis patients[J]. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:2525.
[4]Park JK, Lee YJ, Shin K, et al. Impact of temporary methotrexate discontinuation for 2 weeks on immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial[J]. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:898.
[5]van Ede AE, Laan RF, Blom HJ, et al. Homocysteine and folate status in methotrexate-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Rheumatology(Oxford) 2002; 41:658.
[6]Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Vaughn WH, et al. The effect of folic acid supplementation on the toxicity of low-dose methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33:9.
[7]Wolfe F, Michaud K. Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18,572 patients[J]. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:1740.
[8]Menke DM, Griesser H, Moder KG, et al. Lymphomas in patients with connective tissue disease. Comparison of p53 protein expression and latent EBV infection in patients immunosuppressed and not immunosuppressed with methotrexate[J]. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 113:212.
[9]Krathen MS, Gottlieb AB, Mease PJ. Pharmacologic immunomodulation and cutaneous malignancy in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis[J]. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:2205.

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    2022-01-11 ms1000001060440554

    好文章,学习了

    0

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