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带状疱疹后神经痛怎么治?7张图搞懂它!

2021-10-26 Dr.Wu彤 MedSci原创

PHN的发病与年龄有很大的关系,随着年龄的增长,PHN患病率越来越高。

带状疱疹后遗神经痛(PHN)是指急性带状疱疹皮损消退一个月后,受累区出现的持续性疼痛,是临床上一种典型的神经病理性疼痛。患者典型的表现为自发性疼痛、痛觉过敏(对轻度伤害性 刺激引起剧烈的疼痛反应)和痛觉超敏(对轻触和其他非伤害性刺激表现出剧烈的疼痛反应)。疼痛的性质多种多样,如刀割样疼痛、撕裂样疼痛、电击样疼痛等等。疼痛时间持续数月至数年不等,甚者可长达数十年。相当多的患者因无法忍受长期的剧烈疼痛,而出现明显的情绪及心理改变,患者及其家属的生活质量受到严重影响。因此我们倡导“尽早、足量、足疗程及联合治疗”的诊疗理念。

 

 

影响因素

 

PHN的发病与年龄有很大的关系,随着年龄的增长,PHN患病率越来越高。当患者免疫功能低下时更容易出现。带状疱疹发生部位可能也与 PHN的发生相关,一般来说,发生在头颈部以上的带状疱疹相对更容易转变为 PHN,患者带状疱疹痊愈后,疼痛反而会加剧;而 发生在肢体的带状疱疹,疼痛程度再剧烈,一般也不会发生PHN。

 

PHN的发生与带状疱疹对感觉神经节的毁损程度相关,我们能够确认的是,早期治疗,包括抗病毒和镇痛治疗,可使PHN发生的可能性降低。

 

治疗策略

 

对于PHN的治疗,一旦发生后目前尚无有效的治疗手段,在临床上仍以药物对症治疗为主,包括钙离子通道调节剂、抗癫痫药 、三环类抗抑郁药、麻醉性止痛剂、非类固醇类抗炎药(NSAID)等多种。让患者能舒适地生活是临床治疗的目的。

 

带状疱疹后神经痛的镇痛治疗原则

 

尽早、足量、足疗程及联合治疗。

 

治疗疱疹后神经痛的一线药物包括钙离子通道调节剂(加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林)、三环类抗抑郁药(阿米替林)和5%利多卡因贴剂。二线药物包括阿片类药物(可待因、吗啡、羟考酮等)和曲马多。

 

 

 

加巴喷丁与普瑞巴林的区别

 

1.共同点:

 

可引起头晕和嗜睡,第一天用药推荐在睡前服用。

 

可引起周围性水肿,严重心衰者禁用。

 

2.不同点:

 

加巴喷丁:可引起有临床意义的血糖波动,糖尿病患者需经常监测血糖,如必要,随时调整降糖药的剂量。

 

普瑞巴林:有些糖尿病患者因接受普瑞巴林治疗而致体重增加时,需要调整降糖药物。

 

 

度洛西汀与文拉法辛的区别

 

1.共同点

 

增加出血风险:抑制5-羟色胺再摄取的药物可增加出血风险,包括瘀斑、血肿、鼻衄、瘀点和有生命危险的出血。

 

5-羟色胺综合征:尤其是在与其他可能作用于5-羟色胺递质系统的药物合用时(包括曲坦、曲马多、芬太尼、哌替啶、美沙酮、喷他佐辛、右美沙芬等)。

 

2.不同点:

 

文拉法辛:与部分患者持续的血压升高有关。治疗开始前,应该对先前存在的高血压进行控制。治疗中,建议监测血压。

 

度洛西汀:轻度升高血压,治疗开始前应测量血压,治疗后应定期测量血压。需要注意的是,度洛西汀可增加直立性低血压、跌倒和晕厥风险。

 

特别提醒:

 

闭角型青光眼患者禁用度洛西汀,慎用文拉法辛。

 

 

阿米替林具有较强的镇静和抗胆碱作用,青光眼、尿潴留禁用。

 

阿米替林具有一定的心脏毒性,有缺血性心脏病或心源性猝死风险者避免使用

 

 

曲马多:限二线用药

 

曲马多,不仅是弱的阿片受体激动剂,而且可抑制去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺再摄取,具有镇痛、抗抑郁和抗焦虑作用。

 

曲马多可产生依赖性,可抑制呼吸,只有抗抑郁药和抗惊厥药无效时,才可选用。不与5-羟色胺药物同时使用,以避免5- 羟色胺综合征风险。

 

疼是一种非常恶劣的刺激,可诱发包括中枢在内的整个神经系统发生改变,因此,第一时间重视对疼痛的治疗非常重要。要采用多模式、多靶点联合治疗,包括外用和口服药。其中外用药物如利多卡因贴剂等,被推荐为一线药物治疗,对多数患者有效。但由于患者基数庞大,仍有相当多数量的PHN患者疼痛不能缓解,需要进行综合治疗。

 

 

预防

 

带状疱疹越早治疗越好,包括充分的抗病毒治疗和镇痛治疗,这有利于预防PHN的发生。在带状疱疹早期,应在充分的抗病毒治疗的基础上早期加用短程的糖皮质激素治疗,越早越好,就能有效预防 PHN的发生。在患者教育方面,无论是带状疱疹还是PHN,患者一旦出现疼痛,不要忍,应及时就诊进行早期治疗。并且应将PHN的预防更加提前至预防带状疱疹发生,人群首先应提高自身免疫力,避免带状疱疹发生。对于中老年人、有基础疾病的高危人群,可进行带状疱疹疫苗接种。

 

参考文献:

[1]带状疱疹治疗及预防[J].中华医学杂志,2021,101(7):515-519.

[2]金雨颖,马柯.离子通道药物在带状疱疹神经痛中的临床应用[J].中国疼痛医学杂志,2021,27(2):140-143.

[3]中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会带状疱疹专家共识工作组.带状疱疹中国专家共识[J].中华皮肤科杂志,2018,51(6):403-408.

[4]带状疱疹后神经痛诊疗共识编写专家组.带状疱疹后神经痛诊疗中国专家共识[J].中国疼痛医学杂志,2016,22(3):161-167.

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    2022-06-30 ms9000002138466017

    学习

    0

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    2021-11-14 ms7000000645823853

    整理的特别好

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    2021-10-28 贵阳
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