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肺叶切除术后病人行神经外科坐位手术时发生疑似空气栓塞的围术期处理

2019-06-24 冯丹丹 张娟 马正良 实用老年医学

男,76岁,体质量83kg,因“右侧肢体活动障碍9月余”入院,入院诊断:1、颅内占位;2、左上肺腺癌;3、左上肺切除术后;4、前列腺增生。拟在全身麻醉下行开颅探查+占位切除并视情况行去骨瓣减压术,既往因左上肺腺癌行左上肺切除术。神清,听诊左上肺无呼吸音,左下肺、右肺呼吸音粗。全胸片:左胸术后改变,左侧胸腔黏连。肺功能:中度混合性通气功能障碍。

1.病人资料
 
男,76岁,体质量83kg,因“右侧肢体活动障碍9月余”入院,入院诊断:1、颅内占位;2、左上肺腺癌;3、左上肺切除术后;4、前列腺增生。拟在全身麻醉下行开颅探查+占位切除并视情况行去骨瓣减压术,既往因左上肺腺癌行左上肺切除术。神清,听诊左上肺无呼吸音,左下肺、右肺呼吸音粗。全胸片:左胸术后改变,左侧胸腔黏连。肺功能:中度混合性通气功能障碍。
 
超声心动图:左室射血分数(LVEF)55%,主动脉增宽,主动脉瓣增厚钙化伴轻-中度反流,二尖瓣、三尖瓣轻-中度反流;左室舒张功能减退。血常规、尿常规、大便常规、凝血三项、生化全套未见明显异常。病人爬三层楼自觉胸闷心慌。
 
常规术前准备,病人入室,开放外周静脉,常规心电监测:心率(HR)75次/min,无创血压(BP):150/80mmHg,脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)为96%,呼吸频率(RR)16次/min,面罩吸氧。局麻下行左桡动脉穿刺置管成功,行血气分析(08:47)pH:7.46,二氧化碳分压(PCO2)37mmHg,氧分压(PO2)66mmHg,钾(K+)3.4mmol/L,葡萄糖(Glu)5.5mmol/L,乳酸(Lac)2.6mmol/L,血红蛋白(Hb)13.6g/dL。
 
麻醉诱导:咪达唑仑2mg,依托咪酯16mg,芬太尼0.15mg,维库溴铵8mg,地塞米松10mg。顺利行气管插管,置入导管深度为23cm,固定气管导管,接麻醉机机械通气,潮气量(VT)500mL,频率(f)15次/min,吸呼比(I∶E)=1∶2,呼气末正压(PEEP)为5cmH2O。诱导过程血流动力学平稳。
 
麻醉维持:采用全凭静脉麻醉,持续输注丙泊酚4mg/(kg·h),瑞芬太尼0.1μg/(kg·min),维库溴铵0.1mg/(kg·min),右美托咪定0.2μg/(kg·h)。术中BP维持在(140~150)/(70~85)mmHg,HR60~70次/min,SpO2100%。术中血气分析(10:10)pH:7.37,PCO2:44mmHg,PO2:273mmHg,K+:3.0mmol/L,Glu:4.8mmol/L,Lac:1.4mmol/L,Hb:10.2g/dL。
 
11:40病人呼气末二氧化碳(PETCO2)突然降低,2min内从34mmHg降到20mmHg,SpO2从100%降至88%。因为病人的特殊体位,考虑空气栓塞,立即给予头低位、左侧卧位处理,手控通气。告知外科医生发生疑似空气栓塞,外科医生即刻冲洗切口寻找破口,发现静脉窦处有一破口,迅速夹闭。20min左右病人氧饱和度缓慢上升至98%,PETCO2上升至35mmHg,BP、HR变化不明显。血气分析(11:58)示pH:7.23,PCO2:67mmHg,PO2:66mmHg,K+:3.7mmol/L,Glu:6.0mmol/L,Lac:1.2mmol/L,Hb:13.6g/dL。
 
至手术结束未再发生类似情况,血气分析(12:59):pH:7.30,PCO2:48mmHg,PO2:104mmHg,K+:3.9mmol/L,Glu:6.7mmol/L,Lac:1.4mmol/L,Hb:12.2g/dL。术程4h,术中出血量100mL,尿量1400mL,输入晶体量1100mL,胶体量1000mL,总入量2100mL,总出量1500mL。转运病人至ICU监护治疗,入ICU后给予同步间歇指令通气模式:吸入氧分压(FiO2)100%,VT480mL,f18次/分,压力支持(PS)10cmH2O,PEEP5cmH2O。心电监护:HR64次/min,BP:163/84mmHg,SpO2:95%,血气分析(13:30)pH:7.34,PCO2:43.5mmHg,PO2:96.4mmHg,K+:3.88mmol/L,碱剩余(BE):-1.6mmol/L,Lac:1.8mmol/L,Hb:14.2g/dL。10d后转回病房,痊愈后出院。
 
2.讨论
 
全身麻醉下坐位行神经外科手术有颅内压低、出血少、术野暴露清楚等优势,但也存在不少潜在并发症,如颅腔积气、四肢麻痹、空气栓塞等,其中静脉空气栓塞(venous air embolism,VAE)和反常性空气栓塞(paradoxical air embolism,PAE)是较为严重的并发症。任何部位只要存在开放的静脉且与右心房相比存在压力梯度均可致VAE的发生,包括肝脏移植、体外循环下心内直视手术、加压输液、宫腔镜检查、膀胱充气、硬膜外麻醉时应用空气阻力试验、中心静脉穿刺置管在插入导引鞘时等。尤以坐位手术风险高。
 
VAE可致右室流出道梗阻、心内分流等,引起血压骤降、心衰等。本例是一例肺叶切除术后发生疑似VAE的病人,合并中度通气功能障碍,我们选择了小潮气量较快频率,并加用呼气末正压的通气策略防止在呼气期之初细支气管塌陷闭合。本例病人术中发生疑似空气栓塞时,麻醉医生反应迅速,处理及时,外科医生迅速夹闭破口,最终避免发生进一步的损害。VAE的危害主要取决于进气的速度和容积,快速进气<0.5mL/kg仅表现为PETCO2下降,伴或不伴呼气末氮气分压(PETN2)和SpO2下降,本例病人由于发现及时,进气量较少,所以仅表现为PETCO2下降;快速进气>2mL/kg,则会出现胸痛、右心衰竭、循环虚脱,甚至危及生命。
 
由于VAE缺乏特异性临床表现,明确诊断较为困难。目前监测的方法主要有:心前区多普勒超声(PCD)、经食道超声心动图(TEE)、PETCO2、PETN2、肺动脉导管测压、术野的直接观察等。TEE是目前最敏感的一项监测VAE的指标,可检测到低至0.02mL/kg的快速进气。PETCO2是方便、实用的一种手段。它可检测进气量达0.5mL/kg的病例,是目前较为常用的监测设备,但特异性不高。
 
上腔静脉插入中心静脉导管是用于诊断和治疗空气栓塞的一种有效手段。如从导管内吸出气泡就基本上可以确诊为空气栓塞。有些研究表明,围手术期PETN2的变化可有助于VAE的早期诊断。坐位手术术中需时刻提高警惕,在无敏感的监测手段时,强调做好PETCO2的监测。一旦怀疑发生了VAE,应立即告知外科医生,同时加快外周静脉输液,并从中心静脉导管处抽气。
 
外科医生立即用湿棉片或湿纱布填塞组织缺口,骨蜡封闭骨端,并用大量生理盐水冲洗术野。循环不稳时给予相应的血管活性药物。如果术中出现心跳骤停,立即将病人放置左侧卧位,头部轻度下倾(使停留在右心室的气体返回右心房,再通过中心静脉导管处抽吸气体),必要时行心肺复苏术和高压氧治疗。体会:(1)一旦怀疑发生了VAE,应立即告知外科医生,同时加快外周静脉输液,将病人放置左侧卧位,头部轻度下倾,并从中心静脉导管处抽气;(2)术中时刻提高警惕,TEE是目前最敏感的一项监测VAE的指标,PETCO2是方便、实用的一种手段,在无敏感的监测手段时,强调做好PETCO2的监测;(3)麻醉医生须时刻提高警惕,实时监测,VAE发生后的立即识别和及时处理非常关键。
 
原始出处:

冯丹丹,张娟,马正良.肺叶切除术后病人行神经外科坐位手术时发生疑似空气栓塞的围术期处理[J].实用老年医学,2018,32(07):697-698.

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    2019-06-25 百草

    666

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