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肺叶切除,怎么就心律失常了?

2017-07-31 讲者:田颖,整理:光啊 医学界心血管频道

5天前患者因肺癌行左肺上叶切除术后开始出现心悸,伴胸闷,呈阵发性,术后凌晨2:00-7:00心电监护示心率波动于40-150bpm之间,当地医院予输液等治疗(具体不详)。

病例简介

主诉:74岁老年女性,因“心悸伴胸闷5天”入院。

5天前患者因肺癌行左肺上叶切除术后开始出现心悸,伴胸闷,呈阵发性,术后凌晨2:00-7:00心电监护示心率波动于40-150bpm之间,当地医院予输液等治疗(具体不详)。

住院期间最慢心率32 bpm,最快心率207 bpm,心电图最长间歇7 s,当地医院置入临时起搏器治疗后转入我院。既往有糖尿病病史、肺癌切除术病史。

入院查体示:血压119/64 mmHg,心率85 bpm,心律齐,左上肺呼吸音低,未见其他异常体征。辅助检查:入院心电图显示窦性心律,心率74 bpm。入院Holter显示窦性心律不齐,偶发房性早搏,偶见成对出现。

心脏彩超显示:舒张末内径42 mm,收缩末内径27 mm,射血分数66%;室间隔及左室壁厚度正常,各阶段运动协调,收缩幅度及增厚率正常。

初步诊断:心律失常(长R-R间歇、阵发性心房颤动、临时起搏器植入状态),2型糖尿病肺癌术后。

看完病例,有三个疑问:1. 肺癌切除术后心律变化的原因是什么?2. 该心律失常是快慢综合征还是病态窦房结综合征呢?3. 下一步如何治疗?

一. 肺切除术后心律失常

病因多样且不清

心律失常是肺切除术后常见的并发症,最常发生于术后3天;据报道心律失常发生率为10%-70%,心律失常中以窦性心动过速为主要表现,约10%-20%的患者术后可发生房颤

肺切除术后心律失常类型有窦性心动过速、室上性心动过速、心房颤动、房性或室性期前收缩、窦性心动过缓、传导阻滞等,偶有室性心动过速及心室颤动。大多数患者只出现一种心律失常,以前三种为主。

肺切除术后并发心律失常的直接原因尚不清楚,可能是多种因素作用的结果。有研究显示,肺叶或全肺切除术后,健侧肺血流骤增,毛细血管压力升高,引起肺水肿;由于术后呼吸面积减小,导致肺通气功能下降,通气/血流比值下降,造成低氧血症和肺淤血,加重心脏负荷;另外,开胸后胸腔内负压消失,回心血量减少,导致心肌供血减少;肺切除术后胸腔内压力发生改变,产生跨壁压,也影响心脏的舒缩功能;如果术后缺氧、水电解质失衡、手术创伤、胸腔引流管位置不当等均可使儿茶酚胺释放增加,从而增加心脏的自律性、应激性和传导性,引起心律失常的发生。

除上述因素外,术中迷走神经和心包损伤、患者心肺基础病变、高龄、术后其他并发症等因素也可能是术后心律失常的诱发因素。

通常,全肺切除术后并发的心律失常多是一过性的,经过及时正确的处理可以治愈。但这例患者情况较麻烦,在没用药时就出现长间歇,之后又有长时间的心脏逸搏和窦停,若此时用药会使心率更慢,危及生命。

后果严重

肺切除术后心房颤动通常为快速型心房颤动,由于全肺或肺叶切除已经极大改变了患者的心肺循环,术后心房颤动的发生会加重这一过程,除出现心悸、呼吸困难、低血压外,极有可能出现晕厥、余肺急性肺水肿、心源性休克等严重并发症,一旦出现将严重影响患者康复。

且持续性心房颤动的患者会增加其脑卒中及其他并发症的风险,从而增加病死率,必须引起重视。

二、快慢综合征和病态窦房结综合征

快慢综合征(TBA)是指平素心律及窦房结功能正常者在快速心律失常终止、恢复窦性心律之前出现严重的窦性心动过缓、窦房阻滞、窦性停搏等缓慢性心律失常,引起急性脑缺血发作,临床表现为头晕、胸闷、黑曚、晕厥,甚至猝死。快持续性心房颤动的患者会增加其脑卒中以及其他并发症的风险,从而增加病死率,必须引起重视。

病态窦房结综合征(SSS),窦房结及其周围组织的器质性改变,导致起搏和(或)传出功能障碍,引起各种缓慢心律失常,并伴有脑、心、肾等脏器供血不足的一组综合征。

分析这位患者,老年(74岁),R-R长间歇特点是:房颤心律转为窦性心律时出现RR长间歇,最长达4s,患者已感觉明显不适,并且房颤心律转为窦性心律的转复时间长或转为窦性心律后不久再次恢复房颤心律。

通常肺切除术后造成心动过缓的比率还是较低的,于是追问病史,患者称曾有过间断心悸症状,自行终止,但无头晕、晕厥、黑曚等表现。说明术前不除外有房颤,故予口服胺碘酮抗心律失常药,预防房颤复发。这项治疗的前提是患者窦房结良好,且安装有起搏器,于是又将临时起搏器更换为永久起搏器。

三、接下来的治疗

做出治疗(置入永久起搏器,口服胺碘酮)的考虑是:首先,患者房颤可能并非完全由肺切除术引起;第二,不能保证患者房颤不再发作,也很难保证发作后不出现长间歇;第三,心脏彩超显示左房不大,患者又很瘦小,且刚进行完外科手术,这类患者用射频消融治疗,手术风险将很大。

四、经验总结

心律失常是肺切除术后常见并发症,常见于术后3天内,主要为窦速、房颤等快速性心律失常,其中房颤快速心室率和血栓栓塞风险可危及生命。肺切除术后出现心动过缓较少见,因此应仔细鉴别原因,据此制定合适的治疗方案。

从此病例看出,肺切除术后心律失常大部分为一过性,但也不能忽略患者本已存在的心律失常。该患者追溯病史有过间断心悸症状,不除外既往房颤病史,需继续随访观察。

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    2017-08-12 周周人

    学习。

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    2017-08-02 ylzr123

    认真学习,不断进步,把经验分享给同好。点赞了!

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    2017-07-31 蜗牛快跑

    学习了

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    2017-07-31 刘煜

    学习了谢谢分享

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