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心脏冠脉支架术后的合理用药

2022-04-29 心脏科医生李大夫 心脏科医生李大夫

支架术后的患者远期康复,合理用药很关键~

很多患者向心内科医生咨询有关支架术后的用药问题,从用法、用量、服药时间,到每类药物具体需要服用多久,再到服药过程中的不良反应应该如何应对……总结一句话就是:患者问的多、问的细,对此我们将提问频率最高的问题及解答汇总,供大家参考。
 
一、为什么支架术后药物治疗如此重要?
 
因为植入支架只是针对冠状动脉狭窄最严重的地方采取措施,其他部位冠状粥样硬化的发生和发展也需要预防
 
二、支架术后用药的种类
 
1、 抗血小板药物:阿司匹林、氯吡格雷
 
阿司匹林+氯吡格雷就是医生经常提到的“双抗治疗”,即双重抗血小板治疗,它是减少支架内血栓风险的关键!

阿司匹林是目前世界上应用最多的抗血小板药物,能有效预防血栓,被世界卫生组织推荐为预防心脑血管疾病的首选药物;氯吡格雷则从另一个途径来抑制血小板聚集,与阿司匹林联用,可增强抗血小板聚集的作用,有效阻止血栓形成。

支架术后“双抗治疗”(氯吡格雷+阿司匹林)至少12个月,12个月后视病情调整氯吡格雷用量,阿司匹林需长期服用。

需要注意的是,12个月的服用时间是根据单只支架而提出的,如果装了多个支架、多支病变或者左主干病变应该适当延长氯吡格雷的服用时间。

【注意事项】注意是否有出血倾向,如牙龈出血,皮肤出血点,有无黑便,定期检查血常规;长期服用阿司匹林可能造成消化道溃疡或出血,如有胃痛或黑便应在第一时间咨询医生,有条件的话有必要做血常规检查,查血小板的情况;虽然抗血小板药物有副作用,但多数情况下不会构成严重后果,患者不应随意停用

2、β-受体阻滞剂:美托洛尔、比索洛尔、卡维地洛等

这类药物的具体作用是减弱心肌收缩率,减慢心率,降低心肌耗氧量,防止心肌缺血的复发,从而改善患者的远期疗效,但是服药期间应密切观察心率。在服药期间心率不要低于50次/分钟,过慢的心率对患者也不好,可能造成乏力甚至脑缺血。
需要强调的是,服药期间心率的最佳值:60--70次/分钟!
 
3、他汀类药物:瑞舒伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀及匹伐他汀等

他汀类药物能稳定或逆转动脉粥样硬化性斑块,调节血脂,抑制肝脏合成过多胆固醇。但是可能会使转氨酶升高,如果不超过正常上限的三倍可以继续用药,同时密切观察肝功能,定期到医院检查肝功能。

需要特别注意的是:
当出现疲乏、肌无力或者肌痛,即使肌酸激酶水平不增高也要到医院就诊,千万不要拖延!
 
4、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI):卡托普利、依那普利、培哚普利、雷米普利及福辛普利等。

这类药物能促进血管扩张,减轻心脏负荷,改善心肌功能;具有抗心肌缺血的作用,从而改善患者远期的预后。对于冠心病病人,特别是心室扩大的病人,还有减轻心室重构的作用。此外,
ACEI对于合并高血压糖尿病或者有过陈旧心肌梗死伴有心肌功能不全的高危患者,治疗效果非常显著

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂最大的副作用是干咳,发生率在3%—20%,严重时可咨询医生是否更换药物如沙坦类(ARB)。
 
 
三、药物治疗需遵循的原则
 
1、服药时间:阿司匹林长期服用;氯吡格雷至少服用12个月;他汀类药物是长期服用,剂量调整须遵医嘱;β-受体阻滞剂和ACEI都是根据医生处方,最好长期服用。

2、服药的原则和注意事项:清楚服用的所有药物;每天坚持按时、按量服药,未经医生许可不擅自停药、改药,药物增减与更换应咨询专科医生;每天在同一时间服药,若偶尔忘记服药不要一次吃两顿,试图补上;服用非处方药物,也需告诉医生;出门和旅游时随身带药;购买药品要到合法医疗机构和药店,处方药须凭执业医师处方购买;注意药物禁忌、慎用、注意事项、不良反应和药物间相互作用,有疑问及时咨询医生;药物要按照说明书正确储存,防变质或失效。
 
四、合并糖尿病或高血压的药物治疗
 
冠心病相当一部分病人是合并了糖尿病或者高血压的,对于这部分病人装了支架后该如何用药?

(1) 合并糖尿病患者的药物治疗

合并糖尿病患者一般有三支重要的大血管的病变,且多数是弥漫性的,一般病情会更重。糖尿病患者往往有神经的病变,导致这部分患者对冠心病的常见症状包括胸痛、胸闷等症状不敏感,以至于其就诊时间更延迟,治疗效果更差。同时,再次发生心梗、死亡,以及血管狭窄后再次搭桥、植入支架的几率要高很多。

对于有糖尿病的冠心病患者,如果支架术后血糖控制不理想容易发生内膜增殖,即再狭窄发生率升高。同时,血小板生长因子会在高血糖刺激下过度活跃,刺激健康的小血管加速相关病变。

因此,
治疗冠心病的药物不能替代治疗糖尿病的药物,治疗糖尿病的药物也不能替代冠心病的药物,不同的疾病采用不同的治疗方案,两者结合对患者更有益。

(2) 合并高血压患者的药物治疗

由于血压升高会促使动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展,并且高血压患者冠心病的患病率是血压正常的3-4倍,冠心病的心血管事件与升高的收缩压/舒张压水平相关。所以 合并高血压患者支架术后降压非常重要!

合并高血压患者治疗冠心病的同时与控制血压的治疗不矛盾,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)在治疗冠心病的同时对于高血压也有比较好的控制作用。这也是ACEI类药物最好长期服用的另一个重要原因。

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    2022-10-29 gujh
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    2022-12-21 qindq
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1952396, encodeId=19f919523962f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b75309e0de' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠脉支架术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30970, encryptionId=3b75309e0de, topicName=冠脉支架术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Sat Feb 18 18:03:05 CST 2023, time=2023-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2019262, encodeId=93eb20192626f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e9d25e1068b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#支架术后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57106, encryptionId=e9d25e1068b, topicName=支架术后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3333505, createdName=gujh, createdTime=Sat Oct 29 21:03:05 CST 2022, time=2022-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1651733, encodeId=5f5d1651e330d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=42e0309693a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠脉支架#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30969, encryptionId=42e0309693a, topicName=冠脉支架)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=203d24257066, createdName=smallant2010, createdTime=Thu Feb 02 02:03:05 CST 2023, time=2023-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2080853, encodeId=599a208085395, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=53fa5e10578' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#支架术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57105, encryptionId=53fa5e10578, topicName=支架术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d64f419, createdName=qindq, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 21:03:05 CST 2022, time=2022-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1337346, encodeId=9eeb133e3468a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a2c038861a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#合理用药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38861, encryptionId=a2c038861a1, topicName=合理用药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIpeueeYB1kem1yfEZrSYKBdZBoqac9USf0RxIgRICBIyDn4licyiaiakNnobeCDVpvwqaWgwTNeLRHA/132, createdBy=bb5e2500127, createdName=小几洁, createdTime=Sun May 01 09:03:05 CST 2022, time=2022-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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