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儿童胫骨远端干骺端螺旋形骨折愈合后缺血坏死1例

2020-07-13 蒋际钊 张梅刃 曾啸 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

患儿,女,11岁。因练习跳远时扭伤左踝关节,导致左踝关节肿痛畸形活动受限,受伤后不能负重行走。急诊X线片和CT显示左胫骨远端干骺端螺旋形骨折(Salter-Harris2型)并左腓骨远端粉碎骨折,

病例报道

患儿,女,11岁。因练习跳远时扭伤左踝关节,导致左踝关节肿痛畸形活动受限,受伤后不能负重行走。急诊X线片和CT显示左胫骨远端干骺端螺旋形骨折(Salter-Harris2型)并左腓骨远端粉碎骨折,患者及家属拒绝手术治疗,遂给予手法闭合复位小夹板外固定,维持固定6周,定期复查X线片。伤后4个月后骨折愈合良好,局部无皮肤红肿、窦道。伤后2年患者自诉剧烈活动与跑跳运动后左胫骨下端疼痛不适,出现症状后未就诊和治疗。伤后2年入院就诊时CT显示胫骨远端干骺端有一硬化区,MRI显示左胫骨远端干骨骺端骨折已完全愈合,原骨折线周围有明显信号改变,提示干骺端水肿,考虑骨缺血坏死。相关检查明确患儿无肿瘤、代谢性疾病或炎症性疾病,但患儿家属拒绝行局部病灶穿刺活体组织检查,局部对症处理,同时禁止患儿进行有接触或碰撞的剧烈运动。患儿胫骨远端局部无压痛,不影响正常生活。

讨论

骨折创伤后局部骨缺血坏死在临床中并不少见,但胫骨远端干骺端骨折部位血运丰富,骨折良好后出现缺血坏死在临床中非常少见。胫骨远端干骺端螺旋形骨折愈合后缺血坏死原因仍未知,文献报道Salter-Harris2型胫骨远端干骺端骨折后出现局部缺血坏死是因为破坏了下干骺端动脉和胫骨骨骺动脉。胫骨远端骨骺由三大主要血管(胫前动脉、胫后动脉、腓动脉)供应,而胫骨远端干骺端只依靠胫前动脉唯一的吻合血管供应。但腓动脉分支经常存在解剖变异而缺如,而且供应外侧骨骺的血管也只存在1/3的患者中,因此如果腓动脉营养分支血管缺如,将导致该区域的血供非常脆弱,这是胫骨远端干骺端螺旋形骨折后缺血坏死的解剖学基础。本患儿为Salter-Harris2型胫骨远端干骺端螺旋形骨折,未行手术治疗,可排除因手术操作过程中破坏胫骨干骺端血供的可能,但是由于受伤时暴力大,骨折移位明显,尤其向后移位明显,可能破坏了下干骺端动脉和胫骨骨骺动脉,导致影响胫骨干骺端主要供血血管的血液循环,同时骨折后局部水肿和骨折代谢增加,最终可能引起局部缺血坏死。

儿童胫骨远端干骺端螺旋形骨折愈合后缺血坏死可采取非手术治疗,如限制并减少负重、口服双膦酸盐、高压氧、冲击波、脉冲和物理治疗。手术治疗方法有经皮钻孔减压清理术和植骨术。笔者认为此类患者干骺端缺血多不涉及骨骺,因此对骨骺发育影响小,可在保护下负重,同时定期进行X线片和MRI检查,明确骺板生长能力和胫骨远端干骺端的骨再生能力,若影响骨骺发育再考虑其他治疗方案。此外有学者报道Salter-Harris2型胫骨远端干骺端骨折后出现的局部缺血坏死可通过局部减压来减轻症状,同时促进缺血部位血管再生。笔者认为,当儿童胫骨远端干骺端螺旋形骨折愈合后仍存在持续疼痛时应进行鉴别诊断,警惕发生局部缺血坏死,建议行MRI检查明确是否存在缺血坏死。

原始出处:

蒋际钊,张梅刃,曾啸,郭江龙.儿童胫骨远端干骺端螺旋形骨折愈合后缺血坏死1例[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2020,35(06):564.

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    2020-07-14 yb6561

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