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Clin Infect Dis:拉沙热暴露后预防用药——口服利巴韦林

2014-12-31 MedSci MedSci原创

拉沙热是一种病毒性急性出血性疾病。该病毒在西非流行并且因可能成为生物恐怖工具而受到关注。该病毒可以在人群之间传播,健康者通过接触病人的血液及分泌物继而被感染。通常我们将口服抗病毒药利巴韦林作为暴露后预防的措施,但是没有系统的数据分析支持,也没有统一的准则。此外,相对而言拉沙热的二次发病率低,流行地区局限于非洲西部及高风险暴露频率低的原因,使得进行前瞻性对照药效试验的可能性不大。因此,暴露后使用利巴

拉沙热是一种病毒性急性出血性疾病。该病毒在西非流行并且因可能成为生物恐怖工具而受到关注。该病毒可以在人群之间传播,健康者通过接触病人的血液及分泌物继而被感染。通常我们将口服抗病毒药利巴韦林作为暴露后预防的措施,但是没有系统的数据分析支持,也没有统一的准则。此外,相对而言拉沙热的二次发病率低,流行地区局限于非洲西部及高风险暴露频率低的原因,使得进行前瞻性对照药效试验的可能性不大。因此,暴露后使用利巴韦林的建议仅仅是基于现存数据的分析及逻辑外推而来。

文献综述及热点问题:

是否将利巴韦林作为暴露后预防性用药是基于风险-效益分析的,疾病本身要考虑传播、发病率、潜伏期、病因和死亡率,以及病人健康状态、对药物的意愿等。

下表将对这些做一归纳:


 
拉沙热的传播方式及发病率:拉沙热的传播方式为直接接触感染者血液及分泌物,但只要做好适当的防护措施,该病在院内的罹患率较低。

潜伏期及发病机制:拉沙热的潜伏期为3~21天(平均10天),巨噬细胞和树突状细胞是病毒最先攻击的目标,随后到各类细胞和器官血行播种,炎性反应和血管活性介质是主要的损伤作用。

死亡率:主要来自于Josiah毒株或与其相近毒株,在塞拉利昂、几内亚的死亡率一般低于5%。

疗效:曾有16人与德国的一例输入性病例发生高危接触,并未按医生的处方服用利巴韦林。有一名接触者在暴露36小时后服用利巴韦林时出现IgG阳性而不是IgM。口服利巴韦林在拉沙热动物模型中是有效的,但只有静脉注射和肌肉注射给予的实验。体外实验显示,利巴韦林对拉沙热病毒的最小抑制浓度是4-40mmol/L。IC50或ED50为37umol/L至82umol/L。

不良反应:无论生物性的或心理因素造成的,经常口服利巴韦林会引起依从性下降。

利巴韦林用药指南

适应症:建议利巴韦林预防性用药应在高危暴露情况下使用,即符合以下任意一种情况,
 
1 被污染的尖锐器械刺伤而渗入皮肤(如污染的注射针头)

2 黏膜或破损皮肤接触到污染的血液及体液分泌物(如血液溅入眼睛或嘴)

3 参与急救过程(如心脏骤停、气管插管或吸痰)而未使用适当的个人防护用品

4 长时间(几小时)与感染者在封闭的空间而未佩戴个人防护用品(如医护人员护送患者)

药物剂量:

在少数情况下,我们提出利巴韦林的预防性用药为35mg/kg(最大剂量2.5g),随后15mg/kg(最大剂量1g),每天3次,用药10天。对于一个70kg的成人,这个剂量相当于2.4g,随后采用每次1g ,一天3次。

研究结论:

口服利巴韦林专门预防明确的高风险性暴露于拉沙热的情况下。这些指导可能也适合于对利巴韦林敏感的其他出血热病毒的暴露后预防。

原始出处

Bausch DG1, Hadi CM, Khan SH, Lertora JJ.Review of the literature and proposed guidelines for the use of oral ribavirin as postexposure prophylaxis for Lassa fever.Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 15;

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