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Annals of Neurology:认知障碍,是NMDAR脑炎长期发病的主要因素

2021-10-11 Freeman MedSci原创

认知障碍是导致NMDAR脑炎长期发病的主要因素

认知功能障碍是抗NMDA受体(NMDAR)脑炎患者的核心症状。认知功能的损害大大影响了年轻患者的生活质量、潜在的学术和职业成就以及社会交往。在此,我们提出了第一个基于详细的神经心理学评估的成人NMDAR脑炎认知后遗症的全面纵向研究。

继13年前首次描述NMDAR抗体后,临床研究已开始考察NMDAR脑炎患者的长期预后情况。大规模的研究根据改良的Rankin量表(mRS)和认知筛查结果--如小型精神状态检查(MMSE)--来评估神经系统的预后,随访期最长为24个月。良好结果的定义是mRS评分≤2,其特点是在大多数日常生活活动中相对独立,但仍有轻微残疾,大约80%的患者在随访的两年内显示完全康复或改善为轻度缺陷。


考虑到许多患者的严重病程,经常需要入住重症监护室,并可能包括自主神经不稳定、癫痫状态或昏迷,因此神经系统的长期结果似乎是相对有利的。然而,像mRS这样的临床结果测量侧重于身体损伤,在很大程度上忽略了认知功能障碍--尽管它对日常功能有实质性的永久影响。NMDAR脑炎患者在急性期后经常报告自我观察到的残留缺陷,这些缺陷跨越了几个认知领域,表现为记忆力差、难以集中精力完成日常任务、易疲劳和社交退缩。

此外,还可能出现注意力缺陷、语言缺陷和视觉空间功能障碍。考虑到NMDAR脑炎的发病年龄通常较小,促进认知能力的恢复对于保持患者在学校、大学或工作场所的潜力至关重要。以前的小型病例系列表明,一些患者和领域有可能恢复,而另一些则仍有持续的损伤。然而,横断面研究设计、随访时间短、样本量小以及测试方案和分析的差异阻碍了一致的结论。

藉此,德国柏林大学的Josephine Heine等人,对40名NMDAR脑炎患者在两个时间点进行了全面的纵向神经心理学和临床评估。

目的是:
(1)系统地调查NMDAR脑炎患者大样本的认知结果;
(2)描述2年随访中认知缺陷的轨迹;
(3)探索临床神经系统和认知恢复之间的关系;
(4)确定认知长期结果的临床预测因素;
(5)评估主要认知领域中认知功能恢复的时间过程。

他们,对43名NMDAR脑炎患者在发病后2.3年和4.9年(中位数)进行了标准化的综合神经心理学评估。认知评估包括执行功能、工作记忆、言语/视觉外显记忆、注意力,以及主诉、抑郁和焦虑水平。患者的认知表现与30名年龄、性别和教育程度相匹配的健康参与者的认知表现进行了比较。

所有患者在发病2.3年后都有持续的认知缺陷,80%以上的患者有中度或重度损害。核心缺陷包括记忆和执行功能。4.9年后,认知功能有了明显的改善,但2/3的患者仍有中度至重度障碍,尽管有良好的功能神经学结果(中位数mRS=1)。

延迟治疗、较高的疾病严重程度和较长的急性期是认知结果受损的预测因素。

恢复过程与时间有关,在急性期过后的早期有更大的进展,而在疾病发生后的几年内都有可能改善。

这个研究的重要意义在于发现了:认知障碍是导致NMDAR脑炎长期发病的主要因素,并且在神经功能恢复后仍持续存在。尽管如此,在急性期过后的几年里,认知能力仍有可能得到改善,并应得到持续的认知康复的支持。在未来的临床研究中,应将认知能力作为结果衡量标准。


原文出处:
Heine J, Kopp UA, Klag J, Ploner CJ, Prüss H, Finke C. Long‐term cognitive outcome in anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis. _Ann Neurol_. Published online September 30, 2021:ana.26241. doi:10.1002/ana.26241

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    2022-05-13 yinhl1978
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    2022-05-31 wetgdt
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    2021-10-12 longerg

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