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双胎无心无脑畸形不良结局报道一例

2019-06-11 罗梦瑶 徐淑波 王合 中国妇产科临床杂志

患者44岁,孕31+4 周,孕4产2,孕早期无不良接触 史,未行规范产检及产前诊断。孕11周检查发现“2型糖 尿病”,空腹血糖波动于11.2~14.1 mmol/L,餐前及餐后血 糖均大于20 mmol/L,胰岛素治疗后,空腹血糖控制在6~ 7 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖控制于11~12 mmol/L。孕24周首次 行彩超提示“双胎其一为双胎反向动脉灌注序列征(无头无 心畸形)、胎儿水肿(淋巴水

一、病例报道

患者44岁,孕31+4 周,孕4产2,孕早期无不良接触 史,未行规范产检及产前诊断。孕11周检查发现“2型糖 尿病”,空腹血糖波动于11.2~14.1 mmol/L,餐前及餐后血 糖均大于20 mmol/L,胰岛素治疗后,空腹血糖控制在6~ 7 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖控制于11~12 mmol/L。孕24周首次 行彩超提示“双胎其一为双胎反向动脉灌注序列征(无头无 心畸形)、胎儿水肿(淋巴水囊瘤)、单脐动脉”,后动态观 察双胎血流变化(图1),但拒绝进一步治疗。因不规律下腹 痛3 h急诊入院。查体:血压160/99 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)。水肿(++),身高158 cm,体重80 kg,体重指数:32 kg/m?。孕晚期腹形,宫高38 cm,腹围125 cm。可触及 不规律宫缩。宫口未开。胎膜未破,先露S-3。尿蛋白:2+。 既往:2016年及4年前分别剖宫产分娩一男性活婴,健康。 患者入院后行剖宫产手术。术中见:非畸形胎儿羊水量多, 色清,缓慢放羊水3 000 ml。娩出一男性活婴(Apgar评分 1 min 1分,给予气管插管,体重1 800 g,身长39 cm),胎 儿娩出后出现心衰症状,给予心肺复苏、肾上腺素、纳络酮 等积极抢救失败,于分娩后30 min死亡。另一羊膜囊,见 羊水量中,色清,可触及畸形胎儿,胎儿全身水肿,呈多 囊样改变,失去常态,周径35~40 cm,胎儿难以正常娩 出,行毁胎术,多部位穿刺放出胎儿体内积水约500 ml,胎 体缩小,娩出畸形胎儿(图2,体重2 215 g,身长27 cm), 术中由于双胎、羊水过多,引发宫缩乏力;患者术中出血 2 000 ml,术后进行了输血、抗感染治疗后痊愈出院。



二、讨论

检索1980─2017年MEDLINE上有关双胎妊娠-无心 无脑畸形选择期待治疗的文献,含相关病例13例 [1-3]。13 例患者均行超声发现“双胎反向动脉灌注”的血流图谱。 发病平均孕周22.8周,分娩平均孕周32.6周。13例供血胎 儿平均体重(1 678.8±466.66)g,受血无心胎儿平均体重 (1 905.5±1 051.90)g。存活率为84.6%。其中4例无心胎 儿体重低于供血胎儿体重的70%,4例供血胎儿均存活且无 心衰发生。9例无心胎儿体重大于供血胎儿的70%,3例供 血胎儿发生心衰,其中2例死亡,本组心衰发生率33.3%。 共对3例进行了随访1年,发育未见明显异常。 双胎之一无心畸形又称双胎反向动脉灌注序列 (TRAPS),为妊娠期少见畸形,表现为心脏缺如或有心脏 结构而无功能,多见于单绒毛膜多胎妊娠,为单绒毛膜妊娠 的1%,占妊娠胎儿的1/35 000,其畸形原因与无心畸形胎 儿本身及胎盘动脉吻合支有关 [4]。研究胎盘病理常发现正常 胎儿与畸形胎儿间存在动脉-动脉吻合和(或)静脉-静脉 吻合,但畸形的因果关系未明确,目前以“双胎反向动脉灌 注”为主流观点。由于胎儿之间存在吻合支,供血胎可直接 为无心胎提供氧合的血液,血供自无心胎脐动脉流入,经髂 内动脉,优先供给无心胎下半身,后流至上半身,最后自脐 静脉回流至供血胎。所以无心胎的下半身接受的营养物质和 氧气较上半身多,导致其骨盆和下肢发展的更成熟,去饱和 的血液逆流至无心胎的上半身和头部,其心、脑、肺等器官 及组织发育受到抑制,因而导致严重畸形。因供血胎儿脐动 脉流出的血液是静脉血,含氧量及营养物质都极低,所以无 心畸形胎可出现严重缺氧、水肿和淋巴水囊瘤。对于供血胎 儿,由于其为无心胎儿供血,心脏负荷加重而容易出现心力 衰竭,若未及时发现,供血胎儿的病死率高达50%~70%[5]。 TRAPS的产前诊断依据是超声示典型的“一胎无明显 心脏结构或无胎心搏动”。有报道最早诊断时间为11周 [6]。 建议妊娠11~13+6 周时行胎儿颈项透明层(NT)厚度,确定 绒毛膜性并排除严重胎儿畸形。治疗方式根据孕周及胎儿发 育情况而异。研究表明,多数患者在妊娠早期或中期确诊并 积极实施宫内治疗可改善胎儿预后。TRAPS的治疗包括产 前干预、终止妊娠及期待治疗。孕早期可选择激光消融术; 对于妊娠18~27周的病例,目前的治疗目的是闭塞无心胎的 脐带,激光光凝、双极电凝术和射频消融术均有报道 [7],而 期待治疗也是一种选择。Moore等 [8] 认为,受血胎儿体重 与供血胎儿体重之比 <25%时,可考虑保守治疗,包括期 待观察,也可采用药物对结构正常的供血胎出现的心衰、羊水过多等并发症对症处理。1990年Moore等 [8] 对49例双胎 无心胎儿的病例分析发现,无心胎儿体重超过正常胎儿体重 70%时,正常胎儿心衰的概率高达30%。本文的文献回顾, 受血胎儿体重大于供血胎儿的70%的有9例,胎儿心衰率 为33.3%,与既往报道结果相接近。本例患者妊娠24周即 诊断为TRAPS,观察到正常胎儿静脉导管:PI:1.08,RI: 0.76;畸形胎儿皮肤水肿,AC:37.4 cm(皮肤厚5.1 cm), 不符合期待治疗指征。孕31周时超声提示正常胎儿心衰表 现,提示预后不良。分娩结局与孕期彩超声像相符,证实了 产前彩超对TRAPS的诊断方面特异性较高。 本例另一个难点体现在患者妊娠晚期合并重度子痫前 期。本例高龄孕妇,妊娠期糖尿病增加了胎儿畸形、羊水 增多的风险。由于羊水过多,子宫张力异常增高,出现早 产症状。考虑到既往剖宫产术病史,且畸形胎异常增大, 阴道试产风险不可预测,患者接受剖宫产手术治疗。畸形 胎儿由于水肿周径异常增大,娩出困难。患者及家属对孕 妇及胎儿面临的风险认识不足,未行合理诊治,故而导致 不良的妊娠结局。本例提醒我们完善孕期检查及加强宣教 的重要性,以避免此类不良事件的再次发生。

参考文献略。

原始出处

罗梦瑶,徐淑波,王合,张振涛,魏志锋,陈颖.双胎无心无脑畸形不良结局报道一例及文献复习[J].中国妇产科临床杂志,2019,20(03):272-273.

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    2019-12-07 wxl882001

    了解一下

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    2019-10-19 wxl882001

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    2019-08-30 wxl882001

    了解一下

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376665, encodeId=bd2c3e66657b, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Sat Dec 07 17:46:22 CST 2019, time=2019-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=374114, encodeId=fa193e41147d, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Sat Oct 19 17:34:16 CST 2019, time=2019-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=372014, encodeId=184c3e2014a3, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Fri Aug 30 14:57:44 CST 2019, time=2019-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367973, encodeId=9ccd36e97320, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Tue Jun 18 23:24:09 CST 2019, time=2019-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362287, encodeId=c199136228e25, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9857e03444b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#畸形#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70344, encryptionId=9857e03444b, topicName=畸形)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Thu Jun 13 05:48:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-06-18 wxl882001

    了解一下

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=376665, encodeId=bd2c3e66657b, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Sat Dec 07 17:46:22 CST 2019, time=2019-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=374114, encodeId=fa193e41147d, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Sat Oct 19 17:34:16 CST 2019, time=2019-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=372014, encodeId=184c3e2014a3, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Fri Aug 30 14:57:44 CST 2019, time=2019-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367973, encodeId=9ccd36e97320, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Tue Jun 18 23:24:09 CST 2019, time=2019-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362287, encodeId=c199136228e25, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9857e03444b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#畸形#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70344, encryptionId=9857e03444b, topicName=畸形)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Thu Jun 13 05:48:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]

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