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肿瘤药物研发大潮的驱动力及潜在风险

2016-07-05 佚名 美中药源

现在制药工业最热门的投资方向就是抗肿瘤药物研发,拒福布斯报道现在40%的新药研发经费投入到抗肿瘤药物上。那么这个比例是否合理呢?对厂家和投资方又有意味着什么呢? 前几天我们谈到80年代默沙东的辉煌,业界一致认为当时默沙东成为最盈利、最受社会尊重制药企业的主要原因是其科学驱动研发活动的战略。那么现在抗肿瘤药物这么高强度投入是否符合科学驱动原则?尽管基础研究也多年向抗肿瘤药物倾斜,但是这个领域的优质

现在制药工业最热门的投资方向就是抗肿瘤药物研发,拒福布斯报道现在40%的新药研发经费投入到抗肿瘤药物上。那么这个比例是否合理呢?对厂家和投资方又有意味着什么呢?

前几天我们谈到80年代默沙东的辉煌,业界一致认为当时默沙东成为最盈利、最受社会尊重制药企业的主要原因是其科学驱动研发活动的战略。那么现在抗肿瘤药物这么高强度投入是否符合科学驱动原则?尽管基础研究也多年向抗肿瘤药物倾斜,但是这个领域的优质靶点并没有超出其它领域。据近期统计,抗肿瘤药物研发的临床开发成功率为5.1%,低于所有其它类药物。远低于常见大众病如代谢疾病(15%),甚至低于精神疾病(6.2%)药物研发的成功率。所以优质靶点的数量并非主要驱动因素,投资者进入这个领域不是因为science。

毫无疑问肿瘤是个威胁人类健康的极端恐怖疾病,但是恶性肿瘤并非现在社会最大疾病负担,因肿瘤致死人数在全球范围死因排名甚至进不了前十名。即使在新药主要市场美国,如果以损失健康寿命年数作为疾病负担指标,癌症也排在精神疾病和心血管疾病之后。所以疾病负担也不是最大驱动力。

抗肿瘤药物之所以吸引投资者的大量投入是因为抗肿瘤药物的价格。据Motley Fool统计,自2014年9月到现在FDA共批准了20个抗癌药。除了化疗药物Yondelis,所有其它新药每年价格都在10万4千美元以上。虽然厂家会提供一些折扣,病人也未必会使用一年以上药物,但是这个高价格显然是资本涌入的核心驱动力。

这种局面造成了现在肿瘤药物研发的淘金模式,即只有少数企业、少数项目能获得巨大回报,而多数企业和投资者会和买彩券一样乘兴而来、败兴而归。这种金字塔式的回报模式对宏观变化更加敏感,如果美国开始控制药价处于劣势的企业会更加弱势。自然灾害中本来生存能力就弱的物种首先被淘汰。

大量资本追逐少数优质项目必然加剧本来就已经非常激烈的竞争。默沙东上周宣布将在今年在Keytruda上投入20亿美元研发经费,小公司即使和默沙东同时发现PD-1抗体也会在高强度对抗中败下阵来,别说等人家上市再追了。上周FDA官员警告现在过多资本投入到PD-1抗体研发,可能预示后面同类药物上市都难,别说参与市场竞争了。

另一个不良后果是对高风险项目的纵容。很多项目尤其是免疫疗法及其组合,在没有临床前优化模型和临床生物标记的情况下仓促上马,这如同不顾天气情况强行登顶珠穆朗玛。大量抗肿瘤项目也令临床试验资源越来越紧缺,这和珠峰最近几年登顶出现拥堵有点类似。高强度投入加快了新产品的开发节奏,但也缩短了新产品的市场寿命。现在已经出现几例突破性新药远没有到专利期销售就停止增长或下滑的例子,如BRAF抑制剂和CTLA4抗体(虽然复方组合可能会给Yervoy一些活力)。这些产品的投资者在其它领域如果发现类似药物会获得更好回报。

George Merck说的“medicine is not for the profit, it is for the people”虽然有些理想化,但大方向是对的。Roy Vagelos的science-driven研发模式受到很多人推崇,但并没有很多人真正执行。现在抗肿瘤药物研发和珠峰变成旅游景点的情形有点类似,很多投资者本不该出现在这个领域。

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    2016-07-07 lqvr
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