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液态活检助力肺癌诊断,开启精准治疗新时代

2019-12-06 佚名 生物探索

过去二十年间,随着对肺癌相关研究的深入,化疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗等治疗手段不断推陈出新,肺癌治疗水平得到了长足进步。而肺癌患者的精准治疗离不开分子生物学及诊断科技的发展,液态活检作为新兴的检测技术在肺癌临床中的应用日趋成熟。

过去二十年间,随着对肺癌相关研究的深入,化疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗等治疗手段不断推陈出新,肺癌治疗水平得到了长足进步。而肺癌患者的精准治疗离不开分子生物学及诊断科技的发展,液态活检作为新兴的检测技术在肺癌临床中的应用日趋成熟。

日前,在深圳举办的“第六届罗氏诊断全国肿瘤高峰论坛”上,沈阳市肺癌诊治中心、沈阳市胸科医院肿瘤内科主任李茵茵就液态活检在肺癌中的临床应用进行了分享,她指出:“液态活检已成为组织活检的有力补充。在部分应用场景中,液态活检相比组织活检具有更大的优势,有助于进一步提高肺癌的精准诊断和个体化治疗水平。”

从组织活检到液态活检,肺癌精准诊断进阶

组织活检作为肿瘤诊断的“金标准”,在临床实践中仍存一定的局限性,包括组织活检的滞后性、部分患者因自身条件不适合组织活检、有创的组织活检可能加速肿瘤转移风险、已发生转移的癌症患者组织取样可能无法反映患者整体情况等1。此外,就肺癌而言,肺癌同一瘤体的不同位置、肿瘤细胞的分化与基因型均存在差异,是一种高度异质性的肿瘤2。当发生疾病进展、药物耐药或癌细胞转移时,肿瘤细胞的亚克隆不断变化,异质性情况更加多元,组织活检因而难以完全覆盖临床的需求。

液态活检通过取样脑脊液、唾液、胸水、血液、腹水、尿液等对疾病进行诊断,能在一定程度上避免组织异质性对肿瘤分子分型的影响。基于血液的液态活检是目前最主要的研究方向,主要检测血液中游离的循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)、循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)和外泌体(Exosome)。

ctDNA由肿瘤细胞释放到血液中,往往带有肿瘤组织的基因突变信息,能够检测到包含点突变(SNV)、短片段插入缺失(Indel)、融合基因(Fusion)、拷贝数变异(CNV)等各类基因突变,可有效覆盖临床用药所需位点的检测。而CTC通常包含更多的信息,如更完整的转录组、蛋白表达等,但相较于已较为成熟的ctDNA提取和检测,将CTC从大量血细胞中富集出来并加以检测的流程更加复杂。若能获得存活的CTC,对后续个体化医疗动物模型构建将有较大帮助5。

李茵茵主任介绍道:“相较于组织活检,液态活检技术具有三大明显优势:一是血检样本可及性更高,可以提升很多晚期和复发患者的样本可及性,规避组织活检存在的潜在临床风险;二是能够避免组织样本异质性与取材的风险,同一肿瘤的不同位置、原发灶与转移灶的分子分型都可能存在差异,而组织活检可能无法对整个肿瘤区域进行全覆盖;三是可多次取样,更易于实现术后微小残留病灶(MRD)以及治疗效果的动态监控。”

分子诊断指导肺癌全程管理,助推精准医疗发展

肺癌液态活检技术主要包括数字PCR(dPCR)、实时定量PCR(qPCR)和二代测序(NGS)三种。其中,dPCR通常用于单位点检测;qPCR用于单基因多位点检测;NGS则可同时检测大量基因的不同突变类型。

qPCR是目前最为成熟的液态活检技术,当前主要应用于检测ctDNA中的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变。以新一代cobas? EGFR突变检测(cobas? EGFR Mutation Test v2)为例,其采用等位基因特异扩增(ASA),利用PCR引物的3’端末位碱基必须与其模板DNA互补才能有效扩增的原理,设计等位基因特异性PCR扩增引物,只有在引物3’碱基与模板配对时才能出现PCR扩增带,使ASA引物在野生型DNA上不扩增,减少假阳性率。

一项多中心、开放标签、随机化III期研究试验ENSURE,用于评估厄洛替尼与吉西他滨/顺铂作为EGFR 19 Del/L858R IIIB / IV期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者一线治疗方案的疗效和安全性,结果表明经cobas? EGFR Mutation Test v2血浆检出EGFR激活突变的晚期NSCLC患者一线使用厄洛替尼治疗后,无进展生存期(PFS)比化疗有显着提升6。另一项II期、多中心研究AURA2试验的汇总分析得出,通过cobas? EGFR Mutation Test v2检测到血浆T790M阳性的晚期NSCLC 患者可以从一代EGFR-TKI药物奥希替尼治疗中获益。

cobas? EGFR Mutation Test v2可识别18-21号外显子区域42种基因突变,包括L858R、19号外显子缺失、L861Q等TKI敏感性突变和包括T790M在内的TKI耐药性突变,是市场上覆盖点位最多的EGFR检测,有助于临床鉴别出更多能从靶向治疗获益的患者。

此外,NGS技术可获得 ctDNA 中各个基因的突变信息,有助于进一步避免肿瘤异质性问题,全面分析肿瘤突变情况,同时在用药监测、MRD监测、血液肿瘤突变负荷(bTMB)监测等方面为临床提供更多的决策依据8。然而,NGS在实际应用中仍存在一些问题:如从每份血样中提取获得的游离DNA(cfDNA)都相对较少,样本量有限;cfDNA中仅有极小的部分是ctDNA,存在背景噪音;不同研究对象之间的肿瘤特异性突变也有所不同;同时NGS文库制备流程复杂,各个环节的PCR都可能引入潜在的扩增错误,从而影响检测准确性9。

CAPP-Seq深度测序技术通过在文库构建、数据分析等环节的优化,引入单分子标签方案,有效提升了NGS技术用于检测ctDNA中EGFR突变的特异性与敏感性。

基于AVENIO Surveillance 197 panel动态监测肺癌MRD的临床试验共入组 40 例 Ib III 期局限性肺癌患者,在治疗结束后4个月内首次(MRD界标点)进行血浆ctDNA 分析,之后每3-6个月动态监测ctDNA 水平,结果表明,ctDNA阳性检测可早于72%的影像学诊断的肿瘤复发,中位时间提前5.2个月。无论在MRD界标点,还是全随访病程,ctDNA阳性患者在PFS及疾病特异生存期均显着低于ctDNA阴性患者。

免疫治疗领域,POPLAR和OAK研究回顾性分析均显示,当bTMB≥16时,采用 Atezolizumab治疗的NSCLC患者临床获益显着优于化疗,提示bTMB可作为一个独立预测生物标志物。

“基于qPCR的液态活检技术最为成熟,经过充分论证,已大规模应用于临床。dPCR的超高灵敏度在血检中有一定优势,但一次检测位点较少可能限制其后续的应用场景。而基于NGS的液态活检通过动态监测等应用场景,有助于患者的全流程管理,后续有较大潜力,但由于其技术的复杂性,其应用仍需进一步论证与优化。”李茵茵主任总结道,“未来,随着分子生物学技术的进一步发展革新,液态活检的检测灵敏度和特异性将不断提高,液态活检必将成为肿瘤精准医疗中的重要一环。”

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    文中一代EGFR-TKI奥希替尼这个说法是否有误?

    0

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    2019-12-06 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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【导读】11月4日《科学转化医学》杂志上的一则研究表明,利用下一代测序可评估前列腺癌患者血液中雄激素受体(AR)基因的变化,有助于解释去势难治性前列腺癌对雄性激素的抵抗性。 11月4日《科学转化医学》杂志上的一则研究表明,利用下一代测序可评估前列腺癌患者血液中雄激素受体(AR)基因的变化,有助于解释去势难治性前列腺癌对雄性激素的抵抗性。 该研究由意大利特兰托大学及伦敦癌症研究中心研究人员主导,

“滴血验癌”真相调查:普世华康核心技术被指不成熟

“抽取5ml全血,支付19800元,提前3~5年检测体内的18个高发癌种DNA,实现癌症的早筛早诊,为进一步治愈提供可能。”这是健康体检机构爱康国宾官网上一段关于液体活检产品的宣传语。该液体活检产品的提供方为普世华康江苏医疗技术有限公司(下称“普世华康”)。

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