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GIE:国内食管癌临床性筛查精准风险预测模型建立

2020-01-10 佚名 中国科学报

《胃肠内镜学》1 月 5 日在线发表了北京大学肿瘤医院教授柯杨团队研究报告,基于多中心真实世界研究设计,在北方高发区和南方非高发区 1 万余例临床内镜门诊就诊者中,构建并验证了首个适用于我国 “食管癌临床机会性筛查” 的精准风险预测模型。

腺相关病毒将治疗性 DNA 传递给人类,但一些科学家担心,引入的 DNA 可能会产生致癌突变。

本报讯 就在基因治疗似乎终于实现了它的承诺之际,一项研究唤起了人们对病毒载体的长期担忧——很多努力正是依赖于病毒载体将治疗基因导入患者体内。这种 “载体” 是腺相关病毒(AAV)的一个精简版本,人们认为它是安全的,因其几乎不会将携带的人类 DNA 编织到细胞染色体中,而这有可能激活致癌基因。但一项针对 10 年前用 AAV 治疗的血友病犬的研究表明,该载体很容易将其有效载荷插入宿主 DNA 中控制细胞生长的基因附近。

美国国家人类基因组研究所的基因治疗研究员 Charles Venditti 说,费城一个研究小组在上个月一次会议演讲中呈现的数据 “是好消息也是坏消息”。通过滑入染色体而不是自由漂浮,治疗性 DNA 可能有更持久的益处。在近期于奥兰多举行的美国血液学会(ASH)年会上,加拿大皇后大学医学科学家 David Lillicrap 说,整合 “发生了,实际上可能对长期表达所需蛋白质十分重要”。

这一发现也引发了一场关于 AAV 载体是否会构成不可接受的癌症风险的争论。Lillicrap 说,“我们还不太清楚。”

另一种在一些早期基因治疗试验中使用的病毒载体,在将其载荷整合到染色体中后,在一些儿童中引发了癌症。AAV 似乎是一种更安全的选择,因为由改良病毒引入的基因通常在细胞核中形成一个自由漂浮的环,称为游离体。

AAV 载体推动了最近基因治疗成功的激增。其中包括美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)去年批准的一种治疗小儿神经系统致命疾病脊肌萎缩的药物,和有望在今年获批的一种治疗 B 型凝血障碍血友病的药物。在血友病治疗中,AAV 感染肝细胞,并将该器官变成制造患者所依赖的凝血蛋白的工厂。

然而,对 AAV 安全性的怀疑已经酝酿了近 20 年。一项研究发现,在新生小鼠中给予高剂量的 AAV,可以将其遗传物质整合到动物的 DNA 中,并导致肝癌。许多基因治疗师认为,在新生老鼠身上的发现与成年人无关。但新的警告来自体形和年龄更大的动物——患有 A 型血友病的成年狗,这种病缺少一种被称为 VIII 因子的凝血蛋白。在 9 只这样的狗中,有 7 只 AAV 载体成功为其 VIII 因子提供了基因的替换拷贝,并恢复了该分子的稳定生产。

费城儿童医院基因治疗研究员 Denise Sabatino 在 ASH 年会上报告称,然而其中两只狗的血液分子水平大约在 3 年后进一步上升,到 7~8 年时达到了原来水平的 4 倍左右。

在结束试验并研究了 6 只狗的肝脏后,其团队发现,在每只狗的肝脏中,AAV 都将 VIII 因子或更常见的调控序列的片段,整合到狗肝细胞基因组的许多点上,有时是影响细胞生长的基因。其中一些细胞比其他细胞分裂得更多,在一些动物身上形成多细胞囊或 “克隆体”。

Sabatino 研究小组怀疑,这些插入物激活了生长基因,解释了克隆体和两条狗血液中 VIII 因子水平的升高,尽管这还不能被证明。

对一些研究人员来说,结果是令人鼓舞的:整合水平相对较低,狗的肝脏看起来很健康,它们的 VIII 因子水平保持稳定。圣裘德儿童研究医院的 Andrew Davidoff 说,“我认为没什么太出乎意料的。” 该医院赞助了首次成功的 B 型血友病患者基因治疗试验,试验使用了 AAV 载体。

事实上,AAV 治疗性 DNA 的整合可以解释为什么该试验的患者在 9 年后凝血蛋白水平看起来稳定。相反,随着细胞分裂,游离体携带的 DNA 可能会随着时间推移而丢失,因为只有一个子细胞会继承替换基因。

但基因治疗领域的其他人担心,这种克隆体获得另一种促进生长的突变并成为肿瘤只是时间问题。“如果狗再活 5 年呢?”Venditti 问。一些研究人员说,这样的风险不仅可能出现在肝脏,也可能出现在其他接受 AAV 治疗的组织中,如神经元和肌肉细胞。

Sabatino 的数据使寻找整合 AAV 携带基因的其他长期犬类研究和对圣裘德医院血友病患者进行肝脏活检的计划感到了新的紧迫性。Lillicrap 说,他正在自己的 9 只狗群体中研究这一点。同时,研究人员强调,接受 AAV 基因治疗的人,应该在 FDA 要求的 5 年随访期内进行肝癌监测。

原始出处:

Zhen Liu, et al. A clinical model predicting the risk of esophageal high-grade lesions in opportunistic screening: a multicenter real-world study in China. GIE, 2019.

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    2020-01-12 zhouqu_8
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    2020-01-10 CHANGE

    梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!

    0

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