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ASCO2021:遵循数据,消除偏见,肺癌防治在行动

2021-06-08 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

遵循数据,消除偏见,肺癌防治在行动

肺癌是一种成人肺部疾病,不是成年人吸烟的一种疾病。肺癌的危险因素(除了吸烟、接触氡和石棉以及年龄)仍然鲜为人知。肺癌筛查可以拯救生命。这些都是事实。然而,这些事实并没有充分影响临床实践。我们必须接受这些现实,打破“肺癌”这个词几十年来所背负的污名。

肺癌的死亡人数远远超过了其它任何类型的癌症。肺癌与吸烟史密切相关。一级预防运动在全球范围内成功降低了吸烟流行率,从2009年至2017年,男性吸烟率下降了7.7%(36.3%33.5%),女性吸烟率下降了15.2%(7.9%6.7%)。这种风险的降低让人们认识到,如果没有吸烟史,肺癌也可能发生

据估计,被诊断为肺癌的病人中有10%20%从不吸烟。美国最近的一项研究调查了20111月至201612月七个州129,309名患者被确诊为肺癌,其中16,149(12.5%)从未吸烟。美国和英国的研究都报告了肺癌患者中从未吸过烟者的比例显著增加。这些数据支持了无有吸烟史的肺癌患者的真实和不断增长的负担。

研究人员和临床医生已经开始关注独特的肺癌生物学,以及对很少或没有吸烟史的患者的相关治疗。尽管肺癌的许多原因尚不清楚,但一些驱动因素已被确定,包括空气污染和遗传因素(可能与环境条件相互作用,也可能不相互作用)。基因易感性研究在东南亚等地区至关重要,在那里的一些人群中,近一半的肺癌诊断发生在从不吸烟的患者中。

早期的临床经验测试EGFR抑制剂帮助研究人员和临床医生开始了解病理生物学和突变致癌基因在肺癌中的作用。在21世纪初,人们注意到,新型EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂更可能对女性和从不吸烟的人产生反应。后来,这种精细的治疗敏感性被归因于肿瘤的基因组驱动突变,即EGFR 突变,这些突变在从不吸烟或东南亚血统的患者中富集。表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变并不只存在于从不吸烟的患者身上。在美国患者群体中,多达40%EGFR突变导致的肿瘤患者有吸烟史。

自发现EGFR突变以来,许多其它致癌基因已被识别出来,并被纳入肺癌的诊断评估和管理中。虽然其中一些变化在烟草史较轻的患者群体中丰富,但有些不是。其中一个例子是MET外显子14跳过改变,美国食品和药物管理局已经批准了两种靶向疗法;这些突变在有或无吸烟史的患者中发生的频率相当。此外,MET外显子14突变在肺鳞状细胞癌中被发现,而历史上,大多数可动癌基因突变主要在肺腺癌(也称为非鳞状非小细胞肺癌)中被发现。

早期从女性、从不吸烟的人以及肺腺癌患者身上不成比例地检测肿瘤中可操作的致癌基因的经验,使得许多肿瘤学家在基于患者临床特征的分子检测中存在残留的偏见。在最近的一项大型真实电子健康记录分析中,30310例接受至少一种系统治疗的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者中,有10527(34.7%)在其癌症治疗的任何阶段均未进行EGFRALKROS1BRAF癌基因检测。这些持续的偏见和缺乏全面的诊断测试意味着,每年数以万计的肺癌患者无法接受针对其分子肺癌亚型的适当的靶向治疗——这种治疗比非个性化治疗更有效、毒性更小。

2013年,美国预防服务工作组(U.S. Preventive Services Task Force)首次建议对肺癌进行低剂量CT筛查。然而,据估计,在美国每年只有2% - 4%符合准则的患者接受筛查。最可靠的筛选数据来源于两个大型随机对照试验。2013年,美国国家肺部筛查试验研究团队对全美53,439名高危参与者进行了筛查,使用低剂量CT(26309名患者)或胸透(26035名患者)参与者年龄55 - 74岁,至少有30包的吸烟史。在接受CT检查的人群中,1.1%(26309人中有292)被诊断为肺癌。肺癌死亡率的危险比(HR)0.85 (95% CI[0.75, 0.96])2020年荷兰和比利时(NELSON)的一项研究筛查了755750 - 74岁、至少有25年吸烟史的参与者,最终诊断为肺癌的比例为0.9%,导致肺癌死亡率降低(HR 0.75, 95% CI [0.61, 0.9])

最近,首次针对非吸烟人群的大规模前瞻性筛查研究的结果如下:TALENT(台湾在不吸烟肺癌筛查试验)招募12000多名不吸烟或轻烟(少于10包年和没有吸烟超过15)的参与者,参与者还必须有一个患肺癌的额外风险因素。在这一人群中,危险因素包括肺癌家族史;环境烟草暴露;慢性肺部疾病;或之前广泛接触煎炸,炒菜,油炸,或烹饪没有通风的历史。入组后,参与者接受了低剂量胸部CT肺癌筛查,313名参与者(2.6%)被发现患有肺癌。值得注意的是,肺癌的检出率高于国家肺部筛查试验和NELSON研究。TALENT研究证实,除吸烟外,在具有风险因素的人群中进行筛查可能会产生影响,并且有必要识别所有可能存在风险的人群。

20213月,美国预防服务工作组更新了50岁或以上(以前55)20/年吸烟史(以前30/)、戒烟超过15年者的年度肺癌筛查建议。这扩大了可能挽救生命的一系列CT扫描的途径。现在是教育提供者促进筛查所有符合条件的患者的时候了。此外,新兴的无创筛查技术的临床应用,包括呼吸试验和血浆试验,应该考虑纳入吸烟以外的危险因素的患者队列——最终,可能包括任何有肺的人。

消除偏见去污名化

我们可以通过预防烟草滥用和戒烟教育来拯救生命。

我们可以通过肺癌筛查来拯救生命。

我们可以通过全面的肺癌突变图谱来进行个性化治疗,从而改善和延长生命

我们可以遵守作为医生的誓言,遵循数据,消除偏见

通过我们的行动,我们可以纠正这种耻辱。

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    2022-03-22 quxin068
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    2021-07-05 1202cd9em35暂无昵称

    略文絕味文題高提無名狀噴射血物高傷秘訣在於後文預退。 褻瀆折服是一切衰敗前提

    0

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    2021-06-16 小橙子医生

    0

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    2021-06-09 zt123

    学习了一下

    0

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    2021-06-08 ms4000001114161496

    0

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    2021-06-08 1453df99m58暂无昵称

    消除偏见,肺癌防治在行动

    0

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    2021-06-08 学医无涯

    预防筛查~刻不容缓

    0

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