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超声引导下臂丛神经脉冲射频治疗残肢痛1例

2018-04-10 郑碧鑫 宋莉 彭英 中国疼痛医学杂志

患者男性,56岁,因“左上肢截肢术后残端反复疼痛20多年”入院。

【一般资料】

患者男性,56岁,

【主诉】

因“左上肢截肢术后残端反复疼痛20多年”入院。

【现病史】

20多年前因车祸伤致左上臂肱骨上段截肢,术后残端呈持续性“吹气球样”胀痛伴烧灼感,进食辛辣食物后加重,热水冲浴缓解,衣物摩擦时疼痛加重,严重影响患者睡眠,偶出现左小指(幻肢)疼痛。不规律口服芬必得、加巴喷丁、曲马多等多种镇痛药物治疗效果不佳。

【体格检查】

患者神情憔悴,左上臂缺如,残端触诱发痛(+),痛觉过敏(+),无感觉减退。视觉模拟评分(visualanaloguescale,VAS)发作时8分,缓解时4~6分。

【辅助检查】

磁共振(MagneticResonanceImaging,MRI)臂丛神经水成像(见图1):左侧臂丛神经远段及腋窝神经增粗伴多发结节。


图1  MRI臂丛神经水成像:左侧臂丛神经远段及腋窝神经增粗伴多发结节

【初步诊断

残肢痛,创伤性神经瘤。

【治疗】

药物治疗方案:普瑞巴林75mg,每日2次、曲马多缓释片0.1g,每日2次,镇痛;甲钴胺注射液1mg,每日1次、阿普唑仑0.4mg,每晚服用,营养神经及抗焦虑。超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞(使用PhilipSparq超声机,5~12MHz高频线阵探头):超声见左侧腋窝周围组织辨别不清,锁骨上动脉周围臂丛神经声像混乱,向上追踪臂丛神经至肌间沟处能较为清楚显示臂丛神经上、中、下干。故采用超声引导下平面内进针经肌间沟入路给予0.5%利多卡因+0.5%罗哌卡因混合液共15ml行臂丛神经阻滞。超声引导下肌间沟入路臂丛神经脉冲射频调节术:肌间沟入路超声定位左侧臂丛神经上、中、下干(见图2、3),1%利多卡因皮下浸润,5cm22GCOSMAN射频针垂直穿入皮肤,超声引导下平面内调整进针方向靠近臂丛上干(见图4),感觉和运动测试满意后行脉冲射频调节(42℃,240s;3个循环),同法完成臂丛神经中、下干脉冲射频调节,术毕经射频针各注入消炎镇痛液2.5ml(配方:得宝松1ml,甲钴胺1ml,2%利多卡因3ml,生理盐水5ml)。患者接受臂丛神经阻滞后残肢胀痛缓解,VAS3分,维持约20小时。诊断性阻滞有效后遂行臂丛神经脉冲射频调节术,第一次治疗后患者疼痛缓解明显,VAS下降为1分,未出现感觉及运动功能障碍。一周后疼痛间断发作,但发作程度及频率均较前减轻,VAS4分。患者完成第二次治疗后出院,疼痛较入院时缓解约90%。现随访2月,VAS2~3分,生活质量明显改善。


图2  超声引导下肌间沟入路臂丛神经脉冲射频调节术操作过程
 
图3  肌间沟入路显示臂丛神经上、中、下干
 
图4  射频针到达臂丛神经上干

【讨论】

截肢带给患者身心健康巨大伤害,残肢痛、幻肢感觉异常、幻肢痛是截肢术后常见的并发症。由于病理生理机制不明,以及患者社会功能受到影响伴随精神心理障碍,让截肢术后疼痛问题非常棘手。既往已有不少关于幻肢痛的研究,但是对持续性残肢疼痛的关注却较少。本例患者以残肢痛为主要临床表现,神经瘤的形成可能是疼痛发生的主要原因,通过超声、MRI神经水成像技术能帮助明确诊断。痛性神经瘤治疗困难,局部按摩、针灸等非手术治疗有助于缓解症状;神经瘤内注射无水乙醇等神经破坏药物促使神经元变性死亡,通过减少神经元异常放电从而减少疼痛的发生;手术切除神经瘤将神经断端封闭并包埋置入骨髓腔、肌肉、皮瓣内能达到治疗目的。尽管有多种针对痛性神经瘤的治疗方法,但疗效均不理想。此外,有动物研究报道:截肢术后替代性神经刺激可以作为截肢术后残肢痛一种有效的治疗措施。替代刺激通过维持残端外周神经的传入可以缓解截肢术后的残端疼痛,有效改善大鼠截肢术后饮水,饮食的行为学变化。该患者若联合替代性神经刺激等神经调控技术治疗,能否取得良好的效果,值得进一步探讨。脉冲射频不同于传统射频热凝,它通过温度不超过42℃的脉冲电流,在神经组织附近产生脉冲式高电压以调节神经功能而发挥镇痛作用。动物研究发现脉冲射频对臂丛神经损伤轻微,在术后1天显微镜下可见神经纤维间水肿,髓鞘板层结构松散,随后逐渐恢复正常。射频热凝则导致神经破坏,镜下见神经纤维发生自噬、沃勒变性等改变。超声可视化技术引导下穿刺具有安全性高,实时引导能观察针尖的位置及药液的扩散情况,有效避免血管内、神经内注射等优点,已被广泛应用于临床疼痛诊疗。本例患者因超声下腋窝处神经瘤周围血管、肌肉组织结构分辨困难,担心穿刺针误入血管,故在远离神经瘤的位置采用肌间沟入路行臂丛神经脉冲射频调节得到良好的疗效。其机制可能是脉冲射频使疼痛信号传入通路发生可塑性改变,产生的场效应具有抗炎,改善神经周围血液循环,营养神经的作用,术毕复合消炎镇痛液增强了疗效。综上所述,超声引导下臂丛神经脉冲射频治疗此例残肢痛患者并发症少,疗效满意,将该治疗方法提供给临床医生参考。但因病例数少,随访时间短,中远期疗效尚需进一步观察。

原始出处:

郑碧鑫, 宋莉, 彭英,等. 超声引导下臂丛神经脉冲射频治疗残肢痛1例[J]. 中国疼痛医学杂志, 2017, 23(2):159-160.

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