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JAMA:BRCA突变基因携带者预防性切除卵巢和乳房可获益 预防性肿瘤切除手术能否未雨绸缪?

2010-11-02 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

刘侃 华雪婷 代妮 张凌  来源:医师报    对多数人而言,“预防性手术”还是个比较新的概念,但其含义不难理解:为了预防将来发病而对某个尚未发病的器官实施手术。然而,这种干预措施既可能是“未雨绸缪”的明智之举,也可能是“杞人忧天”的过度医疗。为何2006年江苏省中医院首次为1例 BRCA1基因突变的复发性乳房良性肿物患者实施预防性乳房切除,这在医疗界乃至公众中引起激烈争论。

刘侃 华雪婷 代妮 张凌  来源:医师报 

  对多数人而言,“预防性手术”还是个比较新的概念,但其含义不难理解:为了预防将来发病而对某个尚未发病的器官实施手术。然而,这种干预措施既可能是“未雨绸缪”的明智之举,也可能是“杞人忧天”的过度医疗。为何2006年江苏省中医院首次为1例 BRCA1基因突变的复发性乳房良性肿物患者实施预防性乳房切除,这在医疗界乃至公众中引起激烈争论。最近,癌症预防性手术获重要新证据。美国宾夕法尼亚大学的Rebbeck等发表的研究证实:BRCA突变基因携带者接受预防性手术,可降低乳腺癌和卵巢癌风险并改善生存(JAMA.2010,304:967)。欧美学者普遍认可这项研究具的重要价值。然而,BRCA基因检测和癌症预防性手术在中国的可行性和应用前景如何?本报记者专访了国内相关领域专家。

BRCA突变者预防性切除卵巢和乳房减少肿瘤风险
    BRCA基因突变检测与预防性手术的应用在欧美国家正呈上升势头,现行指南建议BRCA突变携带者接受预防性输卵管-卵巢切除术,并可选择性接受预防性乳房切除术。如果说“存在即有合理性”,那么二者的合理性在哪?常言道“事实胜于雄辩”,美国宾夕法尼亚大学的Rebbeck等最近在《美国医学会杂志》上发表的研究入组欧美国家的2482例BRCA1或BRCA2突变基因携带者,其中10%接受了预防性乳房切除术,28%接受了预防性输卵管-卵巢切除术。随访3年的结果显示,切除乳房者中无1例发生乳腺癌,而未切除乳房者的乳腺癌发生率为7%;由于病例数不足,尚不能明确预防性乳房切除术对生存率的影响,但预防性输卵管-卵巢切除术则使卵巢癌发生率降低了86%;使BRCA1和BRCA2突变携带者的乳腺癌风险分别降低37%和64%,似乎只有在50岁之前接受该手术才能预防乳腺癌;使乳腺癌死亡率降低56%,卵巢癌死亡率降低79%,总死亡率降低70%。
述  评
    美国Mercy医疗中心Helzlsouer评论道,虽然该研究仅随访3年,但其结果已经为制定指南提供了确切证据,将推动女性基因检测工作的进一步开展。美国加州大学旧金山分校的Esserman等在相关述评中指出,Rebbeck的研究显示不论有无乳腺癌病史,预防性手术均可显著降低BRCA突变携带者的卵巢癌风险。因此,即使对于决定行双侧乳房切除的乳腺癌患者,BRCA基因突变检测仍有价值。他还指出,风险较低的输卵管-卵巢切除术已成门诊手术,乳房切除术的美容效果也大为改善,这进一步提高了预防性手术的可行性。

国内推广预防性手术面临诸多障碍
    国内专家普遍认为,预防性手术在理论层面上是完全可行的,但在国内临床实践中,除了BRCA基因检测尚未普及的现状在很大程度上限制了预防性手术的发展之外,后者还受到多方面不利因素的掣肘。
障碍1:适宜人群尚不明确
    江泽飞  预防性乳房切除手术的适应证人群和手术时机的确定择非常重要。总的来说,预防性乳房切除手术可以开展,但需谨慎,本院曾有这类案例,但都是在谨慎评估之后才开展的。开展预防性手术需具备一些必要条件,需经BRCA基因检测证实是乳腺癌高危人群,并且需要开展整形美容手术的能力。
    王东民  目前国内外还缺乏预防性乳房切除的适应证,而且该手术的开展面临着难以逾越的法律问题。因此应在有确切依据,且兼顾生理、伦理以及患者主观要求的前提下,适时制定相关手术适应证。
    吴小华  在当前国内医疗环境下,如何确定高危人群仍是值得探讨。高危人群应根据两个主要因素决定,即家族史和BRCA突变(尤其指BRCA1基因突变)。两者均具备,毫无疑问应予以预防性切除手术;仅有BRCA1突变者,建议预防性手术切除;仅有家族史而无BRCA突变者,以随访为主。
    崔恒  过去认为,遗传性卵巢癌综合征患者的子代应在35岁、完成生育后行预防性切除,现在看来具体年龄仍尚需进一步研究。
    娄阁  有卵巢癌家族史者,多数医生建议完成生育后、35~40岁实施预防性双侧输卵管-卵巢切除术;无卵巢癌家族史及有卵巢癌家族史但非遗传性者,何时施术尚有争议。多数妇科医生不建议45岁以下女性行预防性卵巢切除;多建议50岁以上者施行手术; 45~50岁者是否手术还有争议。
障碍2:评价利弊不能局限于癌症本身
    江泽飞  预防性乳房切除手术理论上讲可行,但是从伦理学和技术角度上看,还值得商榷。
    王东民  评价治疗方案优劣要看其是否降低患癌风险和改善总生存,这是必要前提,但不是全部。还要看该技术所造成的最坏影响和个体所需付出的代价。
    娄阁  行预防性手术应考虑以下问题:(1)切除指征和切除子宫的绝经状态;(2)患者有无卵巢癌/乳腺癌家族史;(3)切除子宫后部分患者会发生卵巢早衰;(4)患者是否愿意及长期坚持术后激素替代治疗;(5)患者是否已获知手术利弊。
    崔恒  预防性切除卵巢和输卵管难免给患者带来的生理/心理影响,应考虑应用激素替代治疗。
障碍3:缺乏针对国人的科学证据
    谢晓冬  从临床实用性来看,高危人群中开展预防性手术尚不适宜。因为临床数据不充分。同时,应以延长生存期和改善生存质量为出发点,综合患者体质和术后并发症等因素对预防性手术进行可行性评估。需加强各研究中心的技术交流和配合,规范国内BRCA突变基因检测标准,加强实验室管理和试验试剂的合理应用,培养高素质的科研人员。此外,还需在国内建立系统化的病例随访体系。
    王东民  此类临床研究需要多中心协作,需长时间随访,同时要求基础研究提供更准确的预测因子,辅以各种数学模型,个体化评估患癌风险。欧美在上述各个环节的优势都是对国内同行的鞭策与挑战。
    高志英  有科学根据的情况下,在高危人群中开展预防性手术是可行的。但手术的范围、目的以及对内分泌的影响因人而异,应做到个体化。

预防性手术的前景备受瞩目
    虽然国内暂不具备推广预防性手术的条件,但它对于国内临床而言的确代表了一种发展趋势和值得探讨的方向。可以说,预防性手术承载着临床医生和卵巢癌、乳腺癌高危人群的希望。
    吴小华  Rebbeck的研究为临床提供了以下依据:预防性切除卵巢输卵管可为BRCA突变人群带来生存获益;遗传学基因检查可提供肿瘤一级预防依据;BRCA突变诊断为肿瘤二级预防提供了方向。
    娄阁  年龄35~40岁的BRCA1携带者和40~45岁的BRCA2携带者行预防性双侧输卵管-卵巢切除术是目前唯一有效的卵巢癌预防措施。 对高危患者行预防性卵巢切除可以:降低卵巢癌风险(降低96%);降低乳腺癌风险(降低 53%);减轻心理压力,提高生活质量。较多文献报道,接受预防性卵巢切除者对手术满意,消除对癌恐惧的获益远远超过激素丢失带来的不利影响。
    王东民  虽然药物干预能降低乳腺癌的发病和死亡风险,但这不足以消除高危个体的恐惧心理,预防性乳房切除也就成为最佳选择,临床实践中确实有不少患者提出预防性手术的要求。相信随着相关临床研究的深入和证据的积累,预防性手术将更多为医生和患者所接受。
 
BRCA基因检测
前景可观,但国内发展现状不佳
 
    王东民  BRCA基因在我国尚未成为指导临床实践的指标,受限于我国基因检测条件和水平,我国普通人群和高危人群的BRCA基因突变检测缺乏大规模研究。虽然我国参加人类基因组测序工作,我们的技术装备和人员达到国际水准,但仅限于国家级层面。该计划结束后,相关人员和设备转向了少量商业性的基因检测,未继续与临床紧密协作。可以说目前我国在技术上能够开展BRCA基因检测,但与临床脱节。流行病学研究表明,我国乳癌具有年轻化的特点,其遗传倾向可能较老年乳癌更为显著,因此检测相关基因的意义重大。期待这方面的研究有所进展。
    谢晓冬  国内外研究已证实基因突变在乳腺癌的发展过程中起着重要作用。但BRCA基因作用机制尚未明确,国内相关科研技术基础不足和资金缺乏等原因以至于国内较少开展BRCA突变基因检测。仅凭BRCA基因突变指导预防性手术仍欠妥当,同时还应参照解剖学和形态学等多方面因素对其进行综合判断。
    吴小华  目前,我国卵巢癌遗传学咨询尚未进入临床应用阶段,BRCA基因检测处于临床前期的描述性研究阶段,还缺乏国人BRCA突变与卵巢癌发病的资料。 Rebbeck等研究结果对于我国肿瘤一级预防有重要参考价值。BRCA基因检测的标准化并进入临床,遗传咨询门诊的建立,并指导预防性手术的临床决策,有望在5年内实现。
    崔恒  该基因检测在我国尚未成为临床常规,此现象亟待改善。
    高志英  >20岁的女性定期行乳房自查仍是早期发现乳腺癌的关键,>40岁女性应每年做1次乳房钼靶X光检查。有家族遗使史者可行BRCA1和BRCA2基因检侧,以了解自己的高危程度。目前尚无有效的方法对无症状的妇女进行卵巢癌的筛查。多数专家认为,有遗传性卵巢癌家族史的妇女每年应至少做1次CA125联合阴道超声(TVS)检查,以早期发现卵巢癌。
    娄阁  BRCA1基因检测可检出乳腺癌高危人群,但也有其不足之处:第一,价格较昂贵,(约为1800美元);第二,可能涉及伦理问题;第三,国外有研究显示,乳腺癌患者的BRCA1突变率并不高(约为5%~15%);第四,目前尚不清楚黄种人与白种人基因突变位点的差异。这些不足可能是目前该技术在我国发展受限的部分原因。
    有必要研究真正适合我国人群的BRCA1突变检测技术。此外,激素水平、生存环境以及生活方式等因素参与乳腺癌的发生,因此在BRCA1突变的检测中,有必要结合上述的因素进行综合分析。

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#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686931, encodeId=bdf41686931cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468a82841d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82841, encryptionId=468a82841d7, topicName=肿瘤切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c0b28305155, createdName=12498561m41(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Nov 05 07:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034722, encodeId=0fea2034e227d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=69c910030635' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预防性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100306, encryptionId=69c910030635, topicName=预防性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45b2276, createdName=839640778, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 22:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2072, encodeId=8d9920e29a, content=各位专家说的都很有道理!学习受用了! <br> 个人意见:乳腺癌的发生并非单基因造成的,集中精力在一个BRCA1基因上,可能只见树木,未见林的感觉。应该在现有的认识基础上,综合分析遗传、环境因素,给出易感人群比较合理的建议,才不至于走些回头路! <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583014473, createdName=gchx2008, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 10:50:00 CST 2011, time=2011-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004894, encodeId=948620048944e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f48569264d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#携带者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56926, encryptionId=2f48569264d, topicName=携带者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=640c454, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Fri Sep 23 16:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418325, encodeId=0518141832565, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39fd3e036a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3703, encryptionId=39fd3e036a, topicName=BRCA突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=793f3344126, createdName=zhanglin3080, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1543360, encodeId=c854154336016, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=296f319115a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#切除手术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31911, encryptionId=296f319115a, topicName=切除手术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d5c013575702, createdName=ms9476844295372110, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593964, encodeId=b680159396494, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1618066, encodeId=8efe161806611, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4271e550237' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#突变基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75502, encryptionId=4271e550237, topicName=突变基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9bf319833427, createdName=ms1490123962508630, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686931, encodeId=bdf41686931cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468a82841d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82841, encryptionId=468a82841d7, topicName=肿瘤切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c0b28305155, createdName=12498561m41(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Nov 05 07:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034722, encodeId=0fea2034e227d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=69c910030635' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预防性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100306, encryptionId=69c910030635, topicName=预防性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45b2276, createdName=839640778, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 22:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2072, encodeId=8d9920e29a, content=各位专家说的都很有道理!学习受用了! <br> 个人意见:乳腺癌的发生并非单基因造成的,集中精力在一个BRCA1基因上,可能只见树木,未见林的感觉。应该在现有的认识基础上,综合分析遗传、环境因素,给出易感人群比较合理的建议,才不至于走些回头路! <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583014473, createdName=gchx2008, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 10:50:00 CST 2011, time=2011-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004894, encodeId=948620048944e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f48569264d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#携带者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56926, encryptionId=2f48569264d, topicName=携带者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=640c454, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Fri Sep 23 16:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418325, encodeId=0518141832565, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39fd3e036a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3703, encryptionId=39fd3e036a, topicName=BRCA突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=793f3344126, createdName=zhanglin3080, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1543360, encodeId=c854154336016, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=296f319115a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#切除手术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31911, encryptionId=296f319115a, topicName=切除手术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d5c013575702, createdName=ms9476844295372110, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593964, encodeId=b680159396494, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1618066, encodeId=8efe161806611, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4271e550237' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#突变基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75502, encryptionId=4271e550237, topicName=突变基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9bf319833427, createdName=ms1490123962508630, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686931, encodeId=bdf41686931cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468a82841d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82841, encryptionId=468a82841d7, topicName=肿瘤切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c0b28305155, createdName=12498561m41(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Nov 05 07:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034722, encodeId=0fea2034e227d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=69c910030635' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预防性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100306, encryptionId=69c910030635, topicName=预防性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45b2276, createdName=839640778, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 22:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2072, encodeId=8d9920e29a, content=各位专家说的都很有道理!学习受用了! <br> 个人意见:乳腺癌的发生并非单基因造成的,集中精力在一个BRCA1基因上,可能只见树木,未见林的感觉。应该在现有的认识基础上,综合分析遗传、环境因素,给出易感人群比较合理的建议,才不至于走些回头路! <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583014473, createdName=gchx2008, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 10:50:00 CST 2011, time=2011-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004894, encodeId=948620048944e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f48569264d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#携带者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56926, encryptionId=2f48569264d, topicName=携带者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=640c454, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Fri Sep 23 16:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418325, encodeId=0518141832565, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39fd3e036a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3703, encryptionId=39fd3e036a, topicName=BRCA突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=793f3344126, createdName=zhanglin3080, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1543360, encodeId=c854154336016, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=296f319115a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#切除手术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31911, encryptionId=296f319115a, topicName=切除手术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d5c013575702, createdName=ms9476844295372110, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593964, encodeId=b680159396494, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1618066, encodeId=8efe161806611, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4271e550237' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#突变基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75502, encryptionId=4271e550237, topicName=突变基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9bf319833427, createdName=ms1490123962508630, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2011-03-12 gchx2008

    各位专家说的都很有道理!学习受用了!
    个人意见:乳腺癌的发生并非单基因造成的,集中精力在一个BRCA1基因上,可能只见树木,未见林的感觉。应该在现有的认识基础上,综合分析遗传、环境因素,给出易感人群比较合理的建议,才不至于走些回头路!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686931, encodeId=bdf41686931cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468a82841d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82841, encryptionId=468a82841d7, topicName=肿瘤切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c0b28305155, createdName=12498561m41(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Nov 05 07:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034722, encodeId=0fea2034e227d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=69c910030635' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预防性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100306, encryptionId=69c910030635, topicName=预防性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45b2276, createdName=839640778, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 22:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2072, encodeId=8d9920e29a, content=各位专家说的都很有道理!学习受用了! <br> 个人意见:乳腺癌的发生并非单基因造成的,集中精力在一个BRCA1基因上,可能只见树木,未见林的感觉。应该在现有的认识基础上,综合分析遗传、环境因素,给出易感人群比较合理的建议,才不至于走些回头路! <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583014473, createdName=gchx2008, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 10:50:00 CST 2011, time=2011-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004894, encodeId=948620048944e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f48569264d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#携带者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56926, encryptionId=2f48569264d, topicName=携带者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=640c454, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Fri Sep 23 16:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418325, encodeId=0518141832565, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39fd3e036a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3703, encryptionId=39fd3e036a, topicName=BRCA突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=793f3344126, createdName=zhanglin3080, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1543360, encodeId=c854154336016, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=296f319115a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#切除手术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31911, encryptionId=296f319115a, topicName=切除手术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d5c013575702, createdName=ms9476844295372110, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593964, encodeId=b680159396494, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1618066, encodeId=8efe161806611, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4271e550237' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#突变基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75502, encryptionId=4271e550237, topicName=突变基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9bf319833427, createdName=ms1490123962508630, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2011-09-23 qblt
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686931, encodeId=bdf41686931cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468a82841d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82841, encryptionId=468a82841d7, topicName=肿瘤切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c0b28305155, createdName=12498561m41(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Nov 05 07:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034722, encodeId=0fea2034e227d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=69c910030635' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预防性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100306, encryptionId=69c910030635, topicName=预防性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45b2276, createdName=839640778, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 22:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2072, encodeId=8d9920e29a, content=各位专家说的都很有道理!学习受用了! <br> 个人意见:乳腺癌的发生并非单基因造成的,集中精力在一个BRCA1基因上,可能只见树木,未见林的感觉。应该在现有的认识基础上,综合分析遗传、环境因素,给出易感人群比较合理的建议,才不至于走些回头路! <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583014473, createdName=gchx2008, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 10:50:00 CST 2011, time=2011-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004894, encodeId=948620048944e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f48569264d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#携带者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56926, encryptionId=2f48569264d, topicName=携带者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=640c454, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Fri Sep 23 16:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418325, encodeId=0518141832565, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39fd3e036a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3703, encryptionId=39fd3e036a, topicName=BRCA突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=793f3344126, createdName=zhanglin3080, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1543360, encodeId=c854154336016, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=296f319115a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#切除手术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31911, encryptionId=296f319115a, topicName=切除手术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d5c013575702, createdName=ms9476844295372110, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593964, encodeId=b680159396494, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1618066, encodeId=8efe161806611, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4271e550237' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#突变基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75502, encryptionId=4271e550237, topicName=突变基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9bf319833427, createdName=ms1490123962508630, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686931, encodeId=bdf41686931cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468a82841d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82841, encryptionId=468a82841d7, topicName=肿瘤切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c0b28305155, createdName=12498561m41(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Nov 05 07:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034722, encodeId=0fea2034e227d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=69c910030635' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预防性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100306, encryptionId=69c910030635, topicName=预防性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45b2276, createdName=839640778, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 22:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2072, encodeId=8d9920e29a, content=各位专家说的都很有道理!学习受用了! <br> 个人意见:乳腺癌的发生并非单基因造成的,集中精力在一个BRCA1基因上,可能只见树木,未见林的感觉。应该在现有的认识基础上,综合分析遗传、环境因素,给出易感人群比较合理的建议,才不至于走些回头路! <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583014473, createdName=gchx2008, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 10:50:00 CST 2011, time=2011-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004894, encodeId=948620048944e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f48569264d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#携带者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56926, encryptionId=2f48569264d, topicName=携带者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=640c454, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Fri Sep 23 16:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418325, encodeId=0518141832565, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39fd3e036a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3703, encryptionId=39fd3e036a, topicName=BRCA突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=793f3344126, createdName=zhanglin3080, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1543360, encodeId=c854154336016, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=296f319115a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#切除手术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31911, encryptionId=296f319115a, topicName=切除手术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d5c013575702, createdName=ms9476844295372110, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593964, encodeId=b680159396494, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1618066, encodeId=8efe161806611, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4271e550237' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#突变基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75502, encryptionId=4271e550237, topicName=突变基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9bf319833427, createdName=ms1490123962508630, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686931, encodeId=bdf41686931cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468a82841d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82841, encryptionId=468a82841d7, topicName=肿瘤切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c0b28305155, createdName=12498561m41(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Nov 05 07:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2034722, encodeId=0fea2034e227d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=69c910030635' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预防性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100306, encryptionId=69c910030635, topicName=预防性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45b2276, createdName=839640778, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 22:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2072, encodeId=8d9920e29a, content=各位专家说的都很有道理!学习受用了! <br> 个人意见:乳腺癌的发生并非单基因造成的,集中精力在一个BRCA1基因上,可能只见树木,未见林的感觉。应该在现有的认识基础上,综合分析遗传、环境因素,给出易感人群比较合理的建议,才不至于走些回头路! <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583014473, createdName=gchx2008, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 10:50:00 CST 2011, time=2011-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004894, encodeId=948620048944e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f48569264d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#携带者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56926, encryptionId=2f48569264d, topicName=携带者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=640c454, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Fri Sep 23 16:19:00 CST 2011, time=2011-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418325, encodeId=0518141832565, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39fd3e036a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3703, encryptionId=39fd3e036a, topicName=BRCA突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=793f3344126, createdName=zhanglin3080, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1543360, encodeId=c854154336016, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=296f319115a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#切除手术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31911, encryptionId=296f319115a, topicName=切除手术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d5c013575702, createdName=ms9476844295372110, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593964, encodeId=b680159396494, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1618066, encodeId=8efe161806611, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4271e550237' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#突变基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75502, encryptionId=4271e550237, topicName=突变基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9bf319833427, createdName=ms1490123962508630, createdTime=Thu Nov 04 06:19:00 CST 2010, time=2010-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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