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获过诺奖的神经科学“黑历史”:前脑叶白质切除术

2014-11-07 伊文 果壳网

神经科学也许以其探索智慧本源的特点而备受诺奖委员会的青睐,今年刚尘埃落定的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖便再次印证了这种观点。可以说大部分获奖的神经学家都是实至名归,但即使是诺奖委员会也有判断失误的时候——1949年的诺贝尔生理或医学奖被授予了葡萄牙医师安东尼奥·埃加斯·莫尼斯(António Egas Moniz)以表彰他发明的前脑叶白质切除术(lobotomy)。然而仅仅不到一年,对莫尼斯的批判

神经科学也许以其探索智慧本源的特点而备受诺奖委员会的青睐,今年刚尘埃落定的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖便再次印证了这种观点。可以说大部分获奖的神经学家都是实至名归,但即使是诺奖委员会也有判断失误的时候——1949年的诺贝尔生理或医学奖被授予了葡萄牙医师安东尼奥·埃加斯·莫尼斯(António Egas Moniz)以表彰他发明的前脑叶白质切除术(lobotomy)。然而仅仅不到一年,对莫尼斯的批判就超越了赞许,他赖以成名的前脑叶白质切除术也开始在全世界范围内遭受抵制。这究竟是怎么一回事?

安东尼奥·埃加斯·莫尼斯是一名神经外科医生,由于发现前脑叶白质切除术对某些心理疾病的治疗效果,他被授予1949年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。图片来源:维基百科

救命稻草

中枢神经系统是人类思维和意识的物质基础,一旦中枢神经系统出现功能障碍,最典型症状就是患者的人格和行为会出现一系列异常,因此许多中枢神经系统疾病被俗称为“精神病”。由于发病机制复杂,时至今日,以精神分裂症(Schizophrenia)为典型代表的多种中枢神经系统疾病依然无法被有效治疗或预防。在20世纪30年代,人们对于这类疾病更可以说是一筹莫展。当时,对于一些极具危险性的精神病患者,医生只好采用束缚或是大剂量使用镇静剂乃至鸦片等办法来暂时缓解[1]。

一套早期用来束缚精神病患者的特殊设备,包括镣铐、紧身衣、皮带以及一种特制的“浴桶”。图片来源:The Museum of the History of Medicine of the University of Zurich/ nobelprize.org

面对一种无药可医的严重疾病,任何一根救命稻草都会成为世人瞩目的焦点。在1935年于伦敦召开的神经学大会上,来自耶鲁大学的神经学家约翰·弗尔顿(John Farquhar Fulton)与他早期的同事卡莱尔·雅各布森(Carlyle Jacobsen)发表了一项研究成果:他们损毁了两只黑猩猩的前脑叶与其它脑区的神经连接,结果发现这两只黑猩猩变得温顺了许多[2]。这个不算很惊人的研究成果却深深地启发了与会的一位葡萄牙神经外科医生,他就是本文的主角——安东尼奥·埃加斯·莫尼斯。莫尼斯迅速意识到这可能为手术治疗精神病寻找到了一个突破口。

通过手术治疗精神病并不算是一个很新颖的想法,从十九世纪末就已经有人陆续开始了这类尝试,但这些手术的效果大多并不尽如人意[1][3],不过莫尼斯还是决定要再试一次。1935年11月12日,就在莫尼斯从伦敦回去后不久,他于里斯本的圣玛塔医院(Hospital Santa Marta)做了第一次尝试,由于他本人的手因为痛风而不太灵活,所以手术实际上是在他的指导下由其助手利玛(Almeida Lima)完成的。他们小心地在病人颅骨上锯开一个口子,然后再通过这个开口向前脑叶当中注射乙醇来杀死那一片的神经纤维[1][4]。手术之后,病人活了下来,并且症状有所减轻,尽管病人最终没有恢复到能出院的地步,但是莫尼斯依然宣称他的手术取得了成功 [4]。受此鼓舞,莫尼斯又接二连三做了更多类似的手术。非常幸运的是,莫尼斯前20例手术的病人都幸存了下来并且没留下太过严重的后遗症[1]。

莫尼斯由于在早些年因为发明脑血管造影术(cerebral angiography)而在国际上颇有名望,因此他的工作刚一发表就在全世界备受关注。尽管不久后他就发现损伤前脑叶会带来一些不可避免的影响,比如反应迟钝以及性格变化等,但他依然相信较之对精神病的出色疗效,这些副作用是可以被容忍的[1]。同时,他也对手术进行了一系列改进,比如他发现用乙醇很容易殃及无关的脑区[5],故而专门设计了一种被称为“前脑叶白质切除器”(leucotome)的器械来机械损毁前脑叶的神经纤维。因此,这套手术方法后来被称为前脑叶白质切除术[1][6]。

莫尼斯的前脑叶白质切除术示意图,先将前脑叶白质切除器具刺入颅腔,然后捣毁一块脑区。图片来源:cerebromente.org.br

很快,前脑叶白质切除术被越来越多的国家所认可,精神病院的医生仿佛迎来了曙光:只要这么一个小小的手术,那些狂暴的患者就会变得像小宠物一样任人摆布。

然而,莫尼斯的方法需要给颅骨定位、钻孔等等复杂的程序,这不但大大延长了手术所需的时间,也对医生的技术也提出了很高的要求。由于需要接受“治疗”的精神病患者实在太多,而那时候大部分精神病院都不配备专业的手术室,精神病医生们迫切需要一种更加“好用”的方法。

两种当时使用的前脑叶白质切除器。图片来源:nobelprize.org

1945年,一个美国医生沃尔特·弗里曼二世(Walter Jackson Freeman II)对这种“手术”进行了一项“改进”,他发明了所谓的“冰锥疗法”(ice-pick lobotomy),这种“手术”是真正意义上的“触目”惊心——医生直接用锤子将一根大概筷子粗的钢针从病人的眼球上方凿入脑内,而后徒手搅动那根钢针以摧毁病人前脑叶[6]。这种手术不但简便快捷,而且还不需要很严格的消毒措施,当时精神病院里那些用来对付危险患者的束缚用具稍加改造就可以成为一个临时的手术台,因而在发明之初便大受欢迎[7]。

一个正在接受“冰锥疗法”的病人。图片来源:bizzarrobazar.com

滥用之殇

不得不承认,一开始,至少在莫尼斯最早的二十例手术后,那些病人的情况确实都有了不同程度的好转,其中也不乏几乎痊愈的[1]。莫尼斯本人对此乐观地总结道:“前脑叶切除术简单,高效且毫无危险,很可能是一种高效治疗精神错乱的外科手术。”[1]

然而,随着手术的普及,尤其是“冰锥疗法”问世后,情况变得糟糕起来:由于这种手术既没有精确的定位,也没有标准的操作流程,医生往往是凭感觉对着病人大脑乱捣一气,所以术后病人的表现可谓千奇百怪[8]。有些病人直接死于手术或是因为手术后遗症而自杀;有些人出现了不同类型的残疾;也有一些出现了极端的狂躁或是抑郁症状[9];而最多的情况是,病人精神病症状有所减轻的同时也出现了严重的后遗症:这些病人变得像行尸走肉一般,孤僻,迟钝,麻木,神情呆滞,任人摆布,从此一生就生活在无尽的虚无之中[1][6][9],一个母亲这样描述她接受过前脑叶白质切除术的女儿:“我的女儿完全变成了另一个人,她的身体还在我身边但她的灵魂却消失了。”[1]最后,即便是前脑叶白质的支持者,也不得不承认只有四成病患得到了好转,剩下的要么毫无效果要么变得更糟[1][6]。

更可怕的是前脑叶切除术开始遭到滥用,这也是该手术在今天声名狼藉的主要原因之一。精神病院的医生为了省事,开始没节制地给病人实施前脑叶白质切除术;那些饱受患有精神病的家庭成员折磨的家人也热衷于将他们得病的亲人送去接受这种手术[6]。加上“冰锥疗法”的发明人弗里曼十分善于宣传,经常纠集一群记者搞一些“医疗秀”之类的节目来提高这种疗法的知名度[10],一时之间,前脑叶切除术变得非常流行。由于没有适当的管理,许多街边诊所也开始打出前脑叶切除术的招牌,用简陋的工具和只经过简单培训的人员来实施手术。

与此同时,手术的实施对象也从严重的精神病患者扩展到了一切精神或行为有异常的人群,到最后如弗里曼之流甚至是来者不拒,都不问有病没病只要给钱就敢做,这种状况甚至连莫尼斯本人都有些看不下去[10]。

当时小诊所打出的做前脑叶白质切除术的小广告。图片来源:quickblogcast.com

到20世纪40年代后半段,情况变得愈发糟糕起来,声称可以“治疗疯狂”的前脑叶切除术本身却陷入到了一种前所未有的疯狂和混乱中。由于媒体和广告的添油加醋,这种本该是治疗严重精神病的最后手段在一般民众的心目中俨然成了解决一切问题的万金油。在日本,许多小孩子被他们的家长送去做前脑叶切除术,而原因仅仅是家长觉得他们“不乖”[6]。在丹麦,政府专门为这类“新型疗法”建造了大量医院,而针对的疾病则是从弱智到厌食症简直无所不包[11]。在情况最严重的美国,由于弗里曼等人鼓吹“精神病要扼杀在萌芽状态”,成千上万的人没有经过仔细检查就被拉去做了这种手术[12]。更有甚者将这种手术用在了暴力罪犯和政治犯身上[6]。

翻看那个时代的病历,不难发现许多令人扼腕的悲剧。《华尔街日报》在今年早些时候的一篇报道披露,在二战期间和结束之后,美国政府曾对一批遭受战后精神创伤的退伍军人集体实施前脑叶白质切除术,而其中有相当一部分都遭受了伴随其一生的严重后遗症[13]。

遭受前脑叶白质切除术的退伍军人之一,罗曼·特里茨(Roman Tritz),在接受手术后终身都受到包括幻觉和偏执在内的多种后遗症的困扰。图片来源:projects.wsj.com

1941年,当“冰锥疗法”还没被发明的时候,弗里曼为一个叫做罗斯·玛丽·肯尼迪(Rose Marie Kennedy)的女病人实施前脑叶白质切除术以治疗她的智力障碍。这位肯尼迪小姐,便是著名的美国总统约翰·肯尼迪(John F. Kennedy)的亲姐姐[1][10][14][15]。手术的结果堪称相当糟糕,肯尼迪小姐手术后智力不增反降,成了一个整天只会发呆的“木头人”。虽然弗里曼本人也因此遭到了不少指责,但他反倒因此在民间名声大噪,来向他寻求医疗帮助的民众更加趋之若鹜[15]。

罗斯·玛丽·肯尼迪(Rose Marie Kennedy),肯尼迪总统之姊,美国较早接受前脑叶切除术的人之一,因手术而终身生活不能自理。图片来源:en.wikipedia

好莱坞明星华纳·巴克斯特(Warner Leroy Baxter)是当时美国片酬最高的男影星之一,曾因主演《亚利桑纳奇侠》而荣获奥斯卡奖。1951年他因为长期关节疼痛而接受前脑叶切除术,结果死于手术感染导致的肺炎,享年62岁[16]。

华纳·巴克斯特(Warner Leroy Baxter)。图片来源:en.wikipedia

在种种非议声中,莫尼斯还是因为这种手术获得了1949年的诺贝尔生理或医学奖,这无异于是对前脑叶切除术最强大的广告,将这种癫狂带向了最高潮。真可谓“合六州四十三县铁,不能为此错也”。

亡羊补牢

面对种种异状,最先反应过来的也是科学界。早在1944年,《神经与精神疾病杂志》(Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease)就撰文认为前脑叶白质切除术会导致病人出现暴力倾向或是奴性和盲从。1947年,瑞典精神病理学家斯诺里·沃法特(Snorre Wohlfahrt)更是多次强调“前脑叶白质切除术过于危险,不适合用来治疗精神分裂症或是其它精神症状。”但是,在一片狂热的喧嚣中犹如苍茫大海中的浪花,很快就湮灭无闻了[17]。

但随着神经科学研究的深入,额叶皮层与丘脑以及边缘系统的功能联系逐渐被揭秘。在这些新证据下,越来越多科学家意识到,简单地损毁前脑叶与大脑其他部分的联系会对人格造成不可逆且不可知的损害。加之许多真正对精神分裂症有效的药物,如氯氮平、利培酮等被开发出来[1][6][10]。终于,在1950年,在苏联精神病理学家瓦西里·加雅诺夫斯基(Vasily Gilyarovsky)的强烈建议下,苏联政府最先宣布全面禁止前脑叶白质切除术[18]。到1970年,绝大多数国家,以及美国许多州都已立法禁止前脑叶白质切除术。讽刺的是,直到1977年,卡特总统在任期间,美国国会设立的“国家生物医学与行为学实验人类保护项目大会”(National Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research)依然认为“在某些情况下限制性地使用一些极端治疗手段,如前脑叶白质切除术,可以起到积极的疗效。”[19]

亡羊补牢了,但病人及其家庭的痛苦却已经无法挽回。据统计[6],单单在1939到1951年间,美国就有超过18000人接受了这样的“手术”,而全世界范围内有此遭遇者更是数以万计。

更加令人扼腕的是,其实人类本来完全可以避免这一切悲剧的。就在莫尼兹得诺贝尔奖的一百年前,一个名叫菲尼亚斯.盖奇(Phineas P. Gage)的铁道工人在施工的时候发生了严重的事故——在爆破中,他被一根铁棍从下往上穿过头部。受此影响,他的一部分大脑永久性地遭到了损坏,而这个脑区正是后来前脑叶白质切除术重点捣毁的前额叶[20]。

左图为菲尼亚斯·盖奇(Phineas P. Gage),手里所持为当年穿过它头部的铁棒。右图为铁棒穿过头部位置的示意图。图片来源:static.guim.co.uk

经过全力抢救,盖奇奇迹般地存活了下来。伤愈后,人们惊讶地发现他除了瞎了一只眼睛(被铁棒穿过时连带损伤)以外,其语言、记忆、运动等技能都基本上没有受到影响。但是他却性情大变,从一个友善而坚定的好人变成了一个傲慢,专横,优柔寡断且没有丝毫羞耻之心的人渣[20]。直到一百多年后,科学家才了解到前额叶皮质与人的情绪、价值判断和复杂决策等高级思维活动直接相关,可以说是大脑的命令中心[21]。

尽管盖奇的案例也名动一时,可是并没有太多人由此开始了解前额叶的功能,甚至是后来前脑叶白质切除术甚嚣尘上的时候,一些病人出现了类似盖奇的症状,也没有几个人把这两件事联系起来。现在回头想想,实在感到莫大的遗憾。

反思与前行

现在的我们很难想象这样一种野蛮的手术居然会在世界上大行其道十多年。但考虑到各种精神疾病都是会对病人及其家庭带来巨大灾难的恶性疾病,而在那个时代并没有什么良好的对策。二战后,世界各国陆续建立起医疗体系,被收治的精神病患者陡然增加,大量的病人挤在不堪重负的医院里却迟迟不能出院,而这又大大增加了爆发传染病的概率。在20世纪30年代前,18%的精神病人会死于肺结核等传染病。不难想象,那个时代的精神病医生面对的是一种怎样残酷的工作压力,前脑叶白质切除术的风靡,甚至可以说是一种历史的必然[22]。

退一步说,即便没有这些问题,鉴于当时整个社会对神经外科手术的态度都非常轻率,出现这样的“疗法”也不足为奇。那个时候,各类外科手术都缺乏严格的规范,外科医生做手术还是比较随意的,加上循证医学还没有深入人心,某些疗法的副作用也长期得不到重视。当年,因为盲目治疗而受害的远不止遭受前脑叶白质切除术的这些人,比较著名的还有因为切断大脑胼胝体而产生的“裂脑人”[23]以及因为切除两侧海马而丧失记忆能力的亨利·古斯塔夫·莫莱森(Henry Gustav Molaison)[24]等等。这些神经外科史上的经典案例都被写入了现在的医学教材中,目的之一就是以史为鉴,提醒人们规范操作与循证医学的重要性。可以说,正是这些悲剧铺就了通往现代神经外科医学的血泪之路。

与所有实用技术一样,医学也需要严谨的理论基础。然而面对一些重大疾病的时候,医学有时候会暂时跳过理论以“经验技术”的形式去解决燃眉之急。但是没有扎实理论依托的技术终究是难以完美的,一旦理论跟进,那些经验技术的短板就会显露出来。我们今天之所以能够去反思那段疯狂的岁月,很大程度上正是因为神经科学早已今非昔比。

今天,有了对大脑更深入的认识,加上循证医学的深入人心,在这样坚实的基础上建立起了一大批新一代疗法:2002年,FDA批准用深度脑刺激(Deep Brain Stimulation)治疗帕金森[25];2012年,FDA批准用神经干细胞疗法治疗干性黄斑病变[26]。可以预见,未来还会有更多疗效更好,副作用更低,价格更亲民的神经学疗法相继问世,神经精神类疾病的患者也将拥有更好的生活质量。然而在我们享受这一切的时候也不要忘记,神经外科手术也是经历了无数磨难,付出了巨大代价,走了许多弯路才发展到今天的。(编辑:Calo)

参考资料:

  1. nobelprize.org: Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize
  2. Pressman, Jack D. Last resort: psychosurgery and the limits of medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  3. Kotowicz, Zbigniew.  Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz-two beginnings of psychosurgery. Gesnerus 62.1-2 (2005): 77-101.
  4. Feldman, Robert P., and James T. Goodrich.  Psychosurgery: a historical overview. Neurosurgery 48.3 (2001): 647-659.
  5. Russell, A. Dewey. Psychology: An Introduction. Online Book. DOI= http://www. intropsych. com/ch01_psychology_and_science/classic_psychophysics. html (2007).
  6. cerebromente.org.br: The History of Lobotomy
  7. Gary E Cordingley: Walter Freeman's Lobotomies at Athens State Hospital
  8. Cooper, Rachel. On deciding to have a lobotomy: either lobotomies were justified or decisions under risk should not always seek to maximise expected utility. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 17.1 (2014): 143-154.2014;17(1):143-154. doi:10.1007/s11019-013-9519-8
  9. Greenblatt, Samuel H., T. Forcht Dagi, and Mel H. Epstein, eds. A history of neurosurgery: in its scientific and professional contexts. Thieme, 1997.
  10. Mo: The rise & fall of the prefrontal lobotomy. Neurophilosophy. ScienceBlogs
  11. Kragh, Jesper Vaczy. Shock therapy in Danish psychiatry. Medical history 54.03 (2010): 341-364.
  12. Swayze, Victor W. Frontal leukotomy and related psychosurgical procedures in the era before antipsychotics (1935-1954): a historical overview. American Journal of Psychiatry 152.4 (1995): 505-515.
  13. Michael M. Phillips: Forgotten Soldiers. The Wall Street Journal
  14. Feldman, Burton. The Nobel Prize: A history of genius, controversy, and prestige. Arcade Publishing, 2001.
  15. Rowland, Lewis P.  Walter Freeman's Psychosurgery and Biological Psychiatry: A Cautionary Tale. Neurology Today 5.4 (2005): 70-72.
  16. Cliff Aliperti: Warner Baxter-A Brief Biography.
  17. Ögren, Kenneth, and Mikael Sandlund.  Psychosurgery in Sweden 1944–1964.  Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 14.4 (2005): 353-367.
  18. Gilyarovsky, Vasily [Гиляровский, Василий]. Избранные труды. Moscow: Медицина; 1973. Russian. p. 4.
  19. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Protection on Human Subjects: Use of Psychosurgery in Practice and Research: Report and Recommendations for Public Comment. Part 3. Federal Register. 23 May 1977;42(99):26317–26332.
  20. Macmillan, Malcolm. An odd kind of fame: Stories of Phineas Gage. MIT Press, 2002.
  21. en.wikipedia: Frontal lobe
  22. Swayze, Victor W. Frontal leukotomy and related psychosurgical procedures in the era before antipsychotics (1935-1954): a historical overview. American Journal of Psychiatry 152.4 (1995): 505-515.
  23. Clarke, Dave F., et al. Corpus callosotomy: a palliative therapeutic technique may help identify resectable epileptogenic foci. Seizure 16.6 (2007): 545-553.
  24. Becker, A.L. (2009). Researchers to study pieces of unique brain. Hartford Courant
  25. US Department of Health and Human Services. "FDA approves implanted brain stimulator to control tremors." Press Release P97–24 (August 4, 1997) (2006).
  26. Foundation fighting blindness: Clinical Trial of Neural Stem Cell Treatment for Dry AMD Authorized by the FDA

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    2014-12-19 rosa00tong

    让人唏嘘不已

    0

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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1876687, encodeId=f83318e668727, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67c5319121e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#切除术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31912, encryptionId=67c5319121e, topicName=切除术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9d8a96, createdName=doctorzheng, createdTime=Sat Dec 20 07:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1765536, encodeId=51a71e65536dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=252ae1803a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71803, encryptionId=252ae1803a3, topicName=白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Tue Dec 30 17:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2052543, encodeId=c7c320525436e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e10d3266348' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#前脑叶白质切除术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32663, encryptionId=e10d3266348, topicName=前脑叶白质切除术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8949377, createdName=chenzhuanggui, createdTime=Sun Feb 15 16:26:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13251, encodeId=726f132517a, content=让人唏嘘不已, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=157, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=870092288, createdName=rosa00tong, createdTime=Fri Dec 19 06:31:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443651, encodeId=d87d144365141, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b78e4414c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经科#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74414, encryptionId=5b78e4414c7, topicName=神经科)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a4e5108341, createdName=12498f1em09(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Nov 09 02:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462261, encodeId=f55d1462261d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Sun Nov 09 02:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1526167, encodeId=2e65152616e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84d03692056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#历史#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36920, encryptionId=84d03692056, topicName=历史)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=131011702315, createdName=cathymary, createdTime=Sun Nov 09 02:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1570118, encodeId=78f915e0118ab, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c65ee4421c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经科学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74421, encryptionId=c65ee4421c4, topicName=神经科学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ce0115632498, createdName=pandamao2015, createdTime=Sun Nov 09 02:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-11-09 cathymary
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1876687, encodeId=f83318e668727, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67c5319121e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#切除术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31912, encryptionId=67c5319121e, topicName=切除术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9d8a96, createdName=doctorzheng, createdTime=Sat Dec 20 07:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1765536, encodeId=51a71e65536dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=252ae1803a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71803, encryptionId=252ae1803a3, topicName=白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Tue Dec 30 17:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2052543, encodeId=c7c320525436e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e10d3266348' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#前脑叶白质切除术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32663, encryptionId=e10d3266348, topicName=前脑叶白质切除术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8949377, createdName=chenzhuanggui, createdTime=Sun Feb 15 16:26:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13251, encodeId=726f132517a, content=让人唏嘘不已, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=157, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=870092288, createdName=rosa00tong, createdTime=Fri Dec 19 06:31:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443651, encodeId=d87d144365141, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b78e4414c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经科#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74414, encryptionId=5b78e4414c7, topicName=神经科)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a4e5108341, createdName=12498f1em09(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Nov 09 02:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462261, encodeId=f55d1462261d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Sun Nov 09 02:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1526167, encodeId=2e65152616e70, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84d03692056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#历史#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36920, encryptionId=84d03692056, topicName=历史)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=131011702315, createdName=cathymary, createdTime=Sun Nov 09 02:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1570118, encodeId=78f915e0118ab, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c65ee4421c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经科学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74421, encryptionId=c65ee4421c4, topicName=神经科学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ce0115632498, createdName=pandamao2015, createdTime=Sun Nov 09 02:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]

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