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无路可退!主食中的农药残留,可诱发阿尔茨海默病

2022-09-04 生物探索 生物探索

在小麦、水稻、玉米和大豆等作物中使用草甘膦的增加与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)和其他神经退行性疾病导致的死亡率增加呈正相关。

异常的TNFα信号传导与许多病理有关,包括癌症、类风湿性关节炎、牛皮癣、多发性硬化症以及免疫、炎症和神经退行性疾病。在健康的大脑中,成年期TNFα的表达较低,而相比之下,成年神经退行性疾病的大脑则表现出非常高水平的TNFα。神经炎症在AD发病机制中起着核心作用,而TNFαAD的进展密切相关。TNFα死亡结构域通路在AD中逐渐激活并导致细胞变性。鉴于草甘膦暴露与体内TNFα之间的关系,以及TNFα与神经变性之间的联系,必须确定草甘膦暴露导致大脑中TNFα水平变化。

2022728日,亚利桑那州立大学研究团队在Journal of Neuroinflammation发表题为“Glyphosate infiltrates the brain and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα: implications for neurodegenerative disorders”的研究成果(图1[1]。研究结果表明草甘膦可穿过血脑屏障并渗入大脑,提高TNF-α和可溶性的表达,并以剂量依赖的方式破坏转录组,可影响AD等神经退行性疾病。

图片

1 研究成果(图源:[1]

此项研究以48只小鼠(雌雄各24只)为研究对象,探究草甘膦是否渗入大脑并提高4个月大C57BL/6J小鼠的TNFα水平。小鼠按性别和剂量分组(每笼3只小鼠)并通过口服管饲法接受125250500mg/kg/天的14天草甘膦处理。在给药的最后一天收集小鼠尿液、血浆和脑样本,并通过UPLC-MSELISA进行样本分析。原代皮层神经元来源于APP/PS1幼崽淀粉样蛋白生成,以评估Aβ40-42负荷和细胞毒性的体外变化。对C57BL/6J脑样本进行RNA测序以确定转录组的变化(图2)。

图片

2 研究设计(图源:[1]

结果发现: 

01 草甘膦暴露导致大脑中同时检测到草甘膦及其代谢物 

草甘膦暴露剂量对脑草甘膦测量有显著主效应,增加剂量会导致大脑中草甘膦水平升高(P<0.0001)。草甘膦主要代谢物氨基甲基膦酸(Aminomethylphosphonic acidAMPA)在大脑中有剂量的显著主效应,与对照小鼠相比,250mg/kg 500mg/kg剂量组在大脑中的AMPA表达更高。脑组织中的草甘膦和AMPA含量之间存在强烈的显著正相关(r=0.9031P<0.001),尿液和脑组织中草甘膦含量之间存在显著的正相关(r=0.4879P=0.0182)。这些发现表明,草甘膦暴露会导致大脑中同时检测到草甘膦和AMPA,并且大脑中草甘膦的水平与尿液中检测到的水平相关。

02 草甘膦暴露以剂量依赖性方式增加外周血浆和脑TNFα的水平

草甘膦暴露剂量对脑匀浆、海马匀浆和皮质匀浆的TNFα水平均有显著的主效应,且TNFα水平呈剂量依赖性增加。在大脑中,TNFα的表达与神经毒性和细胞死亡有关,这些结果表明草甘膦暴露会以大脑区域特异性方式增加促炎细胞因子TNFα的水平。

03 脑草甘膦水平与外周血浆和脑TNFα水平相关

脑草甘膦和脑、外周血浆和尿中的TNFα水平均有显著的正相关,尿草甘膦水平与外周TNFα相关,而脑草甘膦水平与外周血浆和脑TNFα水平相关。

04 APP/PS1衍生的原代皮层神经元中的草甘膦暴露会增加可溶性淀粉样蛋白β40-42的水平并降低细胞活力

水平是AD病理学的标志。研究人员从APP/PS1幼崽中分离并铺板原代皮层神经元,并将它们与0µg/mL10µg/mL20µg/mL 40µg/mL草甘膦共培养,并在24小时后从培养板中收集培养基并测量Aβ40-42的可溶性水平。研究发现Aβ40Aβ42水平和细胞活力均对草甘膦有显著的剂量依赖效应。这些结果表明,当使用源自APP/PS1小鼠的原代皮层神经元进行体外测试时,体内大脑中检测到的草甘膦暴露水平足以以剂量依赖性方式增加Aβ40-42水平并降低细胞活力。

05 草甘膦暴露导致剂量依赖性转录组失调

为了表征草甘膦暴露后转录组的变化,研究人员从小鼠脑中分离RNA,并在Illumina HiSeq 2500上通过100 bp双端测序进行测序。差异表达基因(Differentially expressed genesDEG)的FDR截止值设置为5%DEG的初始剂量回归分析显示226个基因以剂量依赖性方式显著失调。为了检查这些基因的功能概况,使用基因本体(Gene OntologyGO)、KeggReactome数据库进行了通路分析。GOReactome分析显示没有功能富集,Kegg分析显示一个通路富集了11个失调基因。随后用于确定基因表达的细胞类型特异性变化的去卷积分析显示少突胶质细胞和GABAergic神经元显著富集。对少突胶质细胞和GABA能神经元进行通路分析,发现少突胶质细胞富集了四个生物学过程:中枢神经系统髓鞘形成、中枢神经系统中的轴突鞘、神经胶质细胞发育和少突胶质细胞发育。这些途径中的DEG包括Abca2Arhgef10Cntn2Plp1,所有这些都以剂量依赖性方式随着草甘膦暴露显著上调。KeggReactome对少突胶质细胞没有显著的结果,并且GABA神经元没有在任何途径中富集。 

此项研究表明草甘膦能够穿透血脑屏障,渗入脑组织,并且导致促炎细胞因子TNFα水平升高;此外,用体内小鼠大脑中检测到的相似草甘膦剂量剂量处理皮层神经元时,能够增加Aβ40-42水平和降低原代皮层神经元体外细胞活力;大脑中的草甘膦与TNFα水平升高相关,这表明接触这种除草剂可能会引发大脑中的神经炎症,这可能会导致神经退行性疾病中出现的变化;RNAseq发现进一步支持了这一点,该发现显示受TNFα水平升高影响的重要少突胶质细胞过程失调。总的来说,鉴于很大一部分人可能会接触到这种化学物质,这些结果提高了人们对草甘膦接触可能对大脑和人类健康造成的不利影响的认识。

草甘膦暴露可能导致AD病理的早期发作或加速进展。这种潜在联系的影响将为玉米和大豆作物的草甘膦施用与AD导致的死亡人数增加之间的相关性提供因果支持。虽然本研究中使用的剂量高于典型的每日人体暴露量,但这些高剂量提供了有关草甘膦在AD中的潜在作用机制的宝贵信息;研究的另一个限制是使用草甘膦作为单一药剂。常见的除草剂含有多种活性成分,此项研究专门针对草甘膦穿过血脑屏障和在大脑中的积累,还需要进一步的研究来探索导致相关后果是否与复杂的配方有关。

参考资料:

[1]Winstone JK, Pathak KV, Winslow W, et al. Glyphosate infiltrates the brain and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. J Neuroinflammation. 2022 Jul 28;19(1):193. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02544-5. PMID: 35897073; PMCID: PMC9331154.

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    2023-03-29 Homburg
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    2022-09-14 小胖不胖

    做饭的时长又增加了

    0

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