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锁骨远端解剖钢板倒置治疗胸锁关节前脱位1例

2019-09-08 申东 谢文鹏 毕荣修 世界最新医学信息文摘

我们2018收治胸锁关节前脱位病人一例。具体病情如下:患者女,43岁,因外伤致左侧胸前区疼痛,查体见胸骨柄左侧有骨性突起,局部压痛(+),各个方向的左上肢主动运动均可引起疼痛加剧,在完善相关影响检查后,于我院行胸锁钩钢板内固定治疗,后自述因过早剧烈体力劳动致使患处再次疼痛且可见固定突起,遂进行第二次手术,将内固定物取出并行锁骨远端解剖钢板倒置内固定。

与其他肩部损伤相比,胸锁关节脱位是一种比较少见的损伤,这得益于其有强大的韧带保护,需要强大的暴力才能造成胸锁关节的损伤。其在肩部损伤的比例仅仅占到0.5%。在其他脱位中发生率<3%。并且胸锁关节是微动关节,且胸骨的厚度及面积的大小均会影响固定效果,时常会发生内固定物松动及断裂的情况。结合胸锁关节和它局部骨性结构的特点,以及胸锁关节损伤移位机制和复位固定的要求,我们本次采用锁骨远端解剖钢板倒置的技术,用于胸锁关节前脱位的治疗,随访效果满意。

病例介绍

我们2018收治胸锁关节前脱位病人一例。具体病情如下:患者女,43岁,因外伤致左侧胸前区疼痛,查体见胸骨柄左侧有骨性突起,局部压痛(+),各个方向的左上肢主动运动均可引起疼痛加剧,在完善相关影响检查后,于我院行胸锁钩钢板内固定治疗,后自述因过早剧烈体力劳动致使患处再次疼痛且可见固定突起,遂进行第二次手术,将内固定物取出并行锁骨远端解剖钢板倒置内固定。



手术方式

患者取仰卧位,全身麻醉后,沿左侧原刀口做一横行切口,依次切开皮肤、皮下组织长约6cm,显露胸锁关节及左侧胸骨柄,检查见原胸锁钩内固定物松动失效,将原内固定物完整取出后,可见胸骨柄左侧骨质不连续,左胸锁关节仍然处于前脱位状态,左胸锁关节前韧带损伤较大,后韧带有轻微损伤,清理左侧胸锁关节散落的小部分骨质,后对锁骨远端解剖钢板进行重新塑性使得近端向胸骨柄方向弯曲并内外倒置,使塑型后的钢板更加贴服胸骨柄、胸锁关节及锁骨近端走形,依次将远端3枚螺钉近端2枚螺钉打入,并修补胸锁关节关节囊,修补胸锁关节前韧带,冲洗刀口,逐层缝合,无菌敷料包扎,术中出血量约20mL,手术时间约45分钟,患者安全返回病房,前臂持续吊带悬吊。为避免内固定物松动情况再出现,术后2-3周内嘱患者避免做过量外展及背伸活动,禁止持重。1-2周内下地活动时行左上肢行前臂吊带悬吊。同时活动手指及手腕防止血栓并发症图E、F为锁骨远端钢板固定后照片。



结果

术后定期随访现患者在后续10个月的随访中根据Rockwood评分法标准评定疗效:疼痛:无3分,轻微2分,中度1分,严重0分;活动范围:正常3分,轻微受限(<25%)2分,中度受限(25%-50%)1分,重度受限(>50%)0分;肢力强度:正常3分,轻微减弱(<25%)2分,中度减弱(25%-50%)1分,严重减弱(>50%)0分;日常活动受限:无3分,轻微2分,中度1分,严重0分;主观结果:优3分,良2分,可1分,差0分。总分13-15分为优秀,10-12分为良好,7-9分为一般,7分以下为差。结果如表1。



讨论

胸锁关节的特点是韧带组织强而骨性结构的稳定性较弱,尤其是后方胸锁韧带组织强大,胸锁关节脱位常由于较大的外力引起。多发于青壮年,最常见的原因为交通事故伤及运动创伤。也包括前臂外展位时的跌倒损伤。直接暴力损伤:当暴力直接作用与锁骨前内侧,锁骨被向后推到胸骨后方形成后脱位,甚至有时被推入纵膈内,直接暴力致前脱位较少见。间接暴力损伤:肩关节受到前外侧或后外侧暴力使胸锁关节受到间接外力受伤,这是胸锁关节脱位最常见的损伤机制,当肩关节受到挤压而向前旋转时发生后脱位:反之发生前脱位。

解剖胸锁关节的研究中发现,锁骨内侧端的关节面是明显大于胸骨柄关节面,关节面倾斜且活动相对频繁,本身的稳定性不足,其稳定性要靠周围的韧带结构,患者过早活动影响胸锁前韧带的愈合,关节稳定性差,内固定物在这种持续的活动过程中松动并失去其内固定作用。

随着近些年科技发展及固定材料的丰富,出现了多种固定方式,克氏针内固定虽然简易,但由于内固定松动、克氏针移位,可能会有刺穿大血管、气管、食管的风险,因而已被逐渐放弃。胸锁钩钢板是近些年刚兴起的用于固定胸锁关节脱位的钢板:使用该新型胸锁钩钢板适用于胸锁关节周围的不稳定性骨折,内固定物确实可靠,安全性很高,操作也相对简单,为治疗此类创伤提供了一种可靠的方法。但本次手术对于胸锁钩钢板有了新的认识,胸锁钩钢板固定术后要配合适当功能锻炼,避免此类案例情况的发生。桥接钢板(Birdgeplate)虽可达到早期稳定的目的,但可能发生关节的退化、关节炎,患者可出现难以忍受的疼痛,而且可能需要二次手术。加重患者负担。进些年文献还报道了其他内固定方式例如:带线铆钉固定胸锁关节脱位小斜T锁定钢板内固定治疗胸锁关节脱位等等,都在临床上取得了很好的疗效。锁骨形态为“S”形,内侧2/3向前凸出,外侧1/3向后凸出,再重塑锁骨远端钢板后,钢板不仅贴服于胸骨柄,也贴服于锁骨近端的走行,且锁骨远端钢板比普通钢板的抓持力更强,对于前脱位及后脱位均合适更加符合生物力学的要求,锁骨远端钢板具有较强的韧性和抗剪切力,不容易断裂及退钉,钢板远端3枚螺钉,近端2枚螺钉,横跨胸锁关节,避开因第一次手术损伤的左侧胸骨柄,术中无需切断胸锁乳突肌且为缝合修补胸锁前韧带及关节囊提供了极大的空间。为保证手术成功,术中用螺钉固定胸骨柄时一定要谨慎,不可穿透胸骨柄对侧皮质,避免螺钉进入胸腔损伤内部结构,患者认知能力稍差术后配合前臂吊带悬吊及患肢制动。

原始出处:

申东,谢文鹏,毕荣修.锁骨远端解剖钢板倒置治疗胸锁关节前脱位1例[J].世界最新医学信息文摘,2019,19(46):277+281.

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    2020-02-22 Tamikia
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    2019-09-10 slcumt
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