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强生HIV疫苗重大试验失败,HIV疫苗研发依然面临挑战

2021-09-14 网络 网络

9月1日消息,强生HIV疫苗在第一次重大试验中失败,使得近40年努力制造出针对历史上最致命流行病的疫苗又一次受挫。该候选药物使用与强生的Covid-19和埃博拉疫苗相同的技术,是后期试验中最后一批主要

9月1日消息,强生HIV疫苗在第一次重大试验中失败,使得近40年努力制造出针对历史上最致命流行病的疫苗又一次受挫。该候选药物使用与强生的Covid-19和埃博拉疫苗相同的技术,是后期试验中最后一批主要的HIV疫苗结构之一。不过,强生的尝试并没有结束。最新的研究,称为Imbokodo的II期研究,是在不同人群中测试略有不同的疫苗方案的两项后期试验之一。虽然Imbokodo即将结束,但第二项研究,称为Mosaico的第三阶段,将继续进行(详细:研究性四价HIV疫苗:正在一步步实现)。

A therapeutic HIV vaccine is a vaccine that’s designed to improve the body’s immune response to HIV in a person who already has HIV

早在2009年,研究人员报告了一项名为RV144的试验,该试验将多种不同的疫苗构建体混合在一起。尽管该研究失败了,但它似乎将HIV感染风险降低了 30%。这是当时HIV中第一个看到疫苗有效性的试验。然而,迄今为止HIV疫苗进展平平。去年,赛诺菲 (Sanofi) 和葛兰素史克 (GSK) 开发的疫苗的 III 期试验显示,安慰剂组和疫苗组之间几乎没有区别。

在2017年开始的一项名为Imbokodo的试验中,强生公司生产的一种疫苗未能提供令人信服的预防艾滋病病毒感染的保护。该试验涉及南非及其四个邻国的2600名女性。“我们必须从根本上重新审视正在做的事情。”南非医学研究理事会主席、监督该试验方案的Glenda Gray说。

这项试验将疫苗的功效与安慰剂进行了比较。强生公司在8月31日的一份声明中宣布的结果显示,安慰剂组中有63人感染,而接受疫苗的参与者中有51人感染,疫苗有效性为25.2%——这一比例太低,说明疫苗无法发挥作用。(该结果的“置信区间”也很宽,没有达到统计学意义。)这项试验得到了美国国家过敏症和传染病研究所(NIAID)和比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会的支持,没有出现安全问题。

不过,Gray强调,Imbokodo项目提供的数据比她参与的另外两个艾滋病疫苗疗效试验更有希望。“每一次失败的试验都告诉我们一些东西。”她说,与其他研究不同的是,这项研究显示出了疗效的曙光,这可能揭示保护性免疫反应,并让研究人员“为未来设计出更好的疫苗”。

强生首席科学官Paul Stoffels说,尽管失败了,但在不同研究人群中进行的类似疫苗的第二次疗效试验将继续进行。2019年开始在美洲和欧洲进行的Mosaico试验涉及3800名变性人以及与他们发生性行为的男性。Stoffels指出,Mosaico试验正在评估一种改进的疫苗,以防止病毒通过直肠传播的能力。Stoffels说,HIV疫苗“是一个很高的障碍,(这些结果)令人失望,但我们也不会放弃”。

Imbokodo和Mosaico都是总共四剂,采用两种不同的针剂。第一针使用与强生的新冠病毒产品相同的主干:腺病毒26,这是一种无害的“载体”,它将4个艾滋病毒基因传输到人类细胞。不同的HIV基因被改造,以产生HIV蛋白质,引发足够广泛的免疫反应,来保护不同的病毒株。第二针包含一种经过基因编辑的HIV表面蛋白质。不过,这两项研究的蛋白质是不同的。

NIAID的艾滋病疫苗试验网络赞助了这两项研究。弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心的疫苗研究员Lawrence Corey是该网络的共同负责人,他指出,强生的策略严重依赖于触发T细胞的产生,这些T细胞可以识别和清除艾滋病毒感染的细胞。其他研究小组采取了不同的方法,希望生产出高质量的“中和”抗体,甚至可以防止病毒感染细胞。Corey说,如果T细胞策略在不久的将来不能获得关注,“这将意味着整个领域需要转向中和抗体。”

Corey说,几个研究小组已经开始了旨在刺激有效中和艾滋病毒抗体的疫苗的人体试验,但或许没有一个小组能在大约4年内进入全面的有效性试验。“我们有很多工作要做。”他补充道,“也许新冠病毒疫苗会给我们上一课,告诉我们如何加快速度。”

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    2021-09-16 lqvr
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    2021-09-14 牛医生

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