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经颅多普勒在后循环缺血性眩晕疗效评估中的应用价值

2022-09-15 ANDs 中国实用神经疾病杂志

TCD具有无创性,可作为后循环缺血性眩晕患者颅底大动脉血流动力学的有效观察指标,显示不同时期病理变化,为后循环缺血性眩晕疾病诊断、治疗提供参考依据。

后循环缺血性眩晕多见于中老年患者,发病无显著规律,存在治愈难、反复等特征,极易导致急性脑血管疾病,因此危及患者生命。眩晕发病是由于多种原因诱发的椎基底动脉系统供血障碍,从而出现脑干、丘脑、小脑、枕叶等神经病变。后循环缺血性眩晕临床表现为头晕和目眩,轻者头晕眼花、头重脚轻,重者眩晕无法站立。目前关于后循环缺血性眩晕疗效的评估多为患者临床症候改善与否的自身体验,而缺乏相对客观的依据。经颅多普勒(TCD)于1982年诞生,可无创性检查颅底大动脉血流动力学,从而显示脑血管不同时期病理变化,由血流速度、血流频谱及音频作出疾病诊断。通过经颅多普勒技术可以直接了解颅底Willis环上各血管(包括大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉以及大脑后动脉)血流速度和频谱形态,进而判断血管弹性。本研究收集2013-09~2014-09治疗的后循环缺血性眩晕患者治疗前后的经颅多普勒资料,为临床诊断及规范化治疗提供科学参考依据。

资料与方法

一般资料:收集2013-09~2014-09规范治疗的后循环缺血性眩晕患者86例,男49例,女37例,年龄45~76岁,平均54.8岁;合并高血压15例,冠心病10例,糖尿病7例,高血脂5例。本次研究已通过医学伦理委员会的标准,入选患者符合后循环缺血诊断标准,不存在意识障碍,所有入选研究对象均签署研究知情同意书。

诊断标准:后循环缺血与眩晕的诊断标准分别参考2006年《中国后循环缺血的专家共识》、2010年《眩晕诊治专家共识》。

治疗方法:给予阿司匹林肠溶片100mg/d,尼莫地平30mg/d,并依据患者病情给予降颅压、降脂、降糖等对症治疗,另外,还予以中药活血治疗。

经颅多普勒检查:采用经颅多普勒(TCD,DIGI-LITE,以色列RIMED公司制造)对患者治疗前后进行检查,2MHz脉冲探头,患者治疗后也需进行基底动脉及双侧椎动脉的血流速度变化情况检查。患者左侧卧位,探查基底动脉(BA)和双侧椎动脉(VA),记录各动脉收缩期峰值血流速度(Vs)、舒张末期峰值血流速度(Vd)、峰值平均血流速度(Vm)、血管搏动指数(PI),观察血流频谱的形态,其中TCD椎动脉标准值40~60cm/s,基底动脉50~80cm/s。

疗效判断标准:参照《临床疾病诊断治疗好转标准》中有关眩晕的疗效评定标准进行判断。眩晕的分级及临床疗效评定:(1)眩晕程度分级:0级:无症状;1级:自感头晕不稳;2级:轻度眩晕,能行走,步态不稳;3级:严重眩晕,闭目卧床,伴自主神经症状。(2)疗效评定:临床控制:眩晕症状消失;显效:3级降至1级;有效:3级降至2级或2级降至1级;无效:眩晕症状无改变或加重。临床控制、显效、有效为有效,并据此计算有效率。

数据处理:采用SPSS16.0软件统计数据,计量资料符合正态分布数据采用t检验,非等级计数资料采用卡方检验,等级资料采用秩和检验;P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结   果

86例后循环缺血患者行经颅多普勒检查,可见入选患者均血流异常,其中64例椎基底动脉的终末支大脑后动脉血流异常(74.42%)以血流减慢为主,椎基底动脉和大脑后动脉血流速减慢分别是67.44%和51.16%,少数出现动脉硬化症,分别是40.70%和29.07%。多数患者同时出现颈内动脉血流异常,大脑中动脉和大脑前动脉发生率较为接近,分别为86.04%和86.05%,以血流减慢为主。见表1。

本文治疗后有效74例,总有效率为86.05%,无效12例。有效者VA和BA的Vs、Vm均较治疗无效者显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),可见行经颅多普勒分析,并将VA和BA的Vs、Vm作为临床有效相关的TCD参数,可评价临床治疗效果。见表2。

讨   论

后循环缺血性眩晕是中老年人群中易发的一种神经系统疾病,主要由脑血管硬化诱发的椎基底动脉血流速度减低,形成局灶性神经功能障碍。临床症状主要表现为头晕和目眩,轻者头晕眼花、头重脚轻,重者眩晕无法站立。预防和及早治疗是降低脑血管疾病的有效措施,对防止病情进一步发展具有重要的临床意义。临床治疗主要采取抗凝、扩张血管、抗血小板凝集等措施,给予阿司匹林及尼莫地平等药物,但疗效个体差异较大,未能获得较好的临床效果。后循环缺血性眩晕发病机制目前尚不清楚,通常认为与血管痉挛、动脉粥样硬化以及血液流变学有关。其中血管痉挛是后循环缺血性眩晕发病机制的最早解释,当颈椎问题、外力或机械性挤压刺激椎动脉管壁上交感神经,造成椎动脉痉挛。研究发现,TCD检查均可见非正常血管,诊断为后循环缺血性眩晕患者缺血症状与血管痉挛相关。血脂异常、血流变异常以及炎性因子都会诱发动脉管壁粥样硬化,形成椎基底动脉狭窄。血流变异常,导致血液黏度增加,影响微循环灌注,增加血流阻力,加重脑缺血,出现眩晕等症状。

TCD无创性检查颅底大动脉血流动力学,显示脑血管不同时期病理变化,由血流、速度、频谱及音频作出疾病诊断,具有快速、简单、无创等特点,有利于临床诊断并提供可靠客观依据。通过经颅多普勒技术可以直接了解颅底Willis环上各血管(包括大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉以及大脑后动脉)血流速度和频谱形态,进而判断血管弹性,可为辅助诊断颈性眩晕提供参考依据,具有显著的相关性。本研究结果表明,行经颅多普勒分析,并将VA和BA的Vs、Vm、PI作为临床有效相关的TCD参数,可评价临床治疗效果。TCD可以克服传统脑血管疾病检查不准确性,同时行TCD检查后循环缺血性眩晕可避免常规造影剂对机体的伤害,TCD结果也会进一步行CT或MRI影像检查提供血流动力学参数,也为后循环缺血性眩晕诊断、治疗提供参考依据。

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    2022-09-15 ms5000001083916914

    还有很有用的

    0

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