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阿司匹林对结直肠癌发病与死亡率的远期影响:对5项随机试验的20年随访

2011-06-07 M Rothwell , Michelle Wilson , Carl-Eric Elwin, Bo Norrving MedSci原创

背景:       高剂量阿司匹林(每日用量≥500 mg)可降低结直肠癌的远期发病率,但其副作用可能会限制该药的长期预防性应用。低剂量阿司匹林(每日75-300 mg)的长期作用尚属未知。我们按照应用剂量、治疗时间、以及肿瘤位点,评估了阿司匹林对结直肠癌发病与死亡率的作用。 方法:       我们随访了4项对

背景:
       高剂量阿司匹林(每日用量≥500 mg)可降低结直肠癌的远期发病率,但其副作用可能会限制该药的长期预防性应用。低剂量阿司匹林(每日75-300 mg)的长期作用尚属未知。我们按照应用剂量、治疗时间、以及肿瘤位点,评估了阿司匹林对结直肠癌发病与死亡率的作用。

方法:
       我们随访了4项对血管事件的一级预防(血栓形成预防试验、英国医师阿司匹林试验)与二级预防(瑞典低剂量阿司匹林试验、英国TIA阿司匹林试验)中的阿司匹林对照试验、以及1项剂阿司匹林剂量差别试验(荷兰TIA阿司匹林试验),并通过对各独立数据进行合并分析,确定了在试验中及试验后的20多年中、阿司匹林对结直肠癌危险度的作用。  


结果:
       中位时间为18.3年的随访显示,在4项阿司匹林对照试验中(治疗计划平均周期为6.0年),14,033名患者中有391名(2.8%)罹患结直肠癌。阿司匹林的应用降低了结肠癌的20年危险度(危险比HR为0.76,0.60-0.96,p=0.02;死亡危险比为 0.65,0.48-0.88,p=0.005),但对直肠癌无此作用(0.90,0.63-1.30,p=0.58;0.80,0.50— 1.28,p=0.35)。在可获得亚位点数据的部位,阿司匹林降低了近端结肠癌的风险(0,45,0.28-0.74,p=0.001;0.34,0.18-0.66,p=0.001),但对远端结肠无此作用(1.10,0.73-1.64,p=0.66;1.21,0.66-2.24,p=0.54;对于发病率差别p=0.04,对于死亡率差别 p=0.01)。然而患者的获益随治疗计划时间的延长而有所增加,如应用阿司匹林达5年及5年以上可将近端直肠癌风险降低70% (0.35,0.20-0.63;0.24,0.11-0.52;二者概率均为p<0.0001),亦降低了直肠癌的风险(0.58,0.36-0.92,p=0 .02;0.47,0.26-0.87,p=0.01)。每日应用阿司匹林大于75mg者未见获益增加,在经过5年计划治疗(每日75-300 mg)后、任一致命性结直肠癌20年危险度中,绝对危险度降低了1.76%(0.61-2.91;p=0.001)。然而在荷兰TIA试验的随访中,与每日应用283 mg阿司匹林者相比,每日应用30 mg阿司匹林者发生致命性结直结肠癌的风险更高(比值比2.02,0.70-6.05,p=0.15)。

解读:
       长期每日服用至少75 mg阿司匹林可降低直结肠癌的远期发病与死亡率。对于不能由乙状结肠镜或结肠镜检查而有效预防的近端直结肠癌患者,他们的获益更大。

BACKGROUND:
       High-dose aspirin (≥500 mg daily) reduces long-term incidence of colorectal cancer, but adverse effects might limit its potential for long-term prevention. The long-term effectiveness of lower doses (75-300 mg daily) is unknown. We assessed the effects of aspirin on incidence and mortality due to colorectal cancer in relation to dose, duration of treatment, and site of tumour.

METHODS:
       We followed up four randomised trials of aspirin versus control in primary (Thrombosis Prevention Trial, British Doctors Aspirin Trial) and secondary (Swedish Aspirin Low Dose Trial, UK-TIA Aspirin Trial) prevention of vascular events and one trial of different doses of aspirin (Dutch TIA Aspirin Trial) and established the effect of aspirin on risk of colorectal cancer over 20 years during and after the trials by analysis of pooled individual patient data.

RESULTS:
      In the four trials of aspirin versus control (mean duration of scheduled treatment 6·0 years), 391 (2·8%) of 14 033 patients had colorectal cancer during a median follow-up of 18·3 years. Allocation to aspirin reduced the 20-year risk of colon cancer (incidence hazard ratio [HR] 0·76, 0·60-0·96, p=0·02; mortality HR 0·65, 0·48-0·88, p=0·005), but not rectal cancer (0·90, 0·63-1·30, p=0·58; 0·80, 0·50-1·28, p=0·35). Where subsite data were available, aspirin reduced risk of cancer of the proximal colon (0·45, 0·28-0·74, p=0·001; 0·34, 0·18-0·66, p=0·001), but not the distal colon (1·10, 0·73-1·64, p=0·66; 1·21, 0·66-2·24, p=0·54; for incidence difference p=0·04, for mortality difference p=0·01). However, benefit increased with scheduled duration of treatment, such that allocation to aspirin of 5 years or longer reduced risk of proximal colon cancer by about 70% (0·35, 0·20-0·63; 0·24, 0·11-0·52; both p<0·0001) and also reduced risk of rectal cancer (0·58, 0·36-0·92, p=0·02; 0·47, 0·26-0·87, p=0·01). There was no increase in benefit at doses of aspirin greater than 75 mg daily, with an absolute reduction of 1·76% (0·61-2·91; p=0·001) in 20-year risk of any fatal colorectal cancer after 5-years scheduled treatment with 75-300 mg daily. However, risk of fatal colorectal cancer was higher on 30 mg versus 283 mg daily on long-term follow-up of the Dutch TIA trial (odds ratio 2·02, 0·70-6·05, p=0·15).

INTERPRETATION:
       Aspirin taken for several years at doses of at least 75 mg daily reduced long-term incidence and mortality due to colorectal cancer. Benefit was greatest for cancers of the proximal colon, which are not otherwise prevented effectively by screening with sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.

专家评价:

       作者通过对4项阿司匹林预防血管事件对照试验的数据进行整合,表明了每日服用至少75mg阿司匹林可降低直结肠癌的发病与死亡率。不能由乙状结肠镜或结肠镜有效筛查的近端结肠癌患者获益更大。这项研究的重要意义在于,它具备了充分的随访时间长度、以及充分的效力来评估不同剂量、不同治疗时间内,阿司匹林对降低结直肠癌危险度的作用。
 
       尽管长期随访显示每日服用大剂量阿司匹林(每日至少500 mg)可降低直结肠癌的危险,然而阿司匹林导致的出血并发症限制了它在一级预防中的应用。在10年随访中,每日交替应用低剂量阿司匹林试验(100 mg与325 mg)并未显示出对结直肠癌具有任何效果。该研究报告了经20年随访后、每日应用75-1200 mg阿司匹林的治疗效果。
 
作者对血栓形成预防试验(TPT)、英国医师阿司匹林试验(BDAT)、瑞典低剂量阿司匹林试验(SALT)、英国短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)阿司匹林试验、以及荷兰TIA阿司匹林试验的数据进行整合,形成了容量为14,033的大样本。经过肿瘤注册与死亡认证数据库对发病与死亡率进行了评估,以Cox回归来确定危险比(HRs)。中位治疗时间为6.0年,中位随访时间为18.3年。只有治疗时间至少达到2.5年的患者才被纳入分析当中。

       每日服用75 mg或更大剂量阿司匹林可降低近端结肠癌的风险(发病危险比为0.76 [0.60-0.96],死亡率危险比为0.65 [0.48-0.88]),但对远端直肠或结肠癌则无此作用。在接受至少5年治疗的患者中,近端结肠癌患者的危险度降低程度更大(发病危险比为0.35 [0.20-0.63],死亡率危险比为HR 0.24 [0.11-0.52]),直肠癌危险度也显著下降约50%。然而极低剂量阿司匹林(每日30 mg)并未显示出任何有利作用。

       此项研究的结果令人振奋,因为它们表明对于降低结直肠癌危险度而言,低剂量阿司匹林(可能与出血并发症发病率较低有关)与高剂量应用同样有效。而且作者也证明了患者的发病与死亡率均有所降低,且死亡率降低程度更大。然而,这些结果并不表示健康个体应长期每日服用阿司匹林,以此作为对结直肠癌的一级预防。对于需要长期抗血小板治疗的患者,他们可以将阿司匹林作为首选药物。

References: 
{1} Flossman et al. Lancet 2007, 369:1603-13 [PMID:17499602]. 
{2} Stürmer et al. Ann Intern Med 1998, 128:713-20 [PMID:9556464]. 
{3} Cook et al. JAMA 2005, 294:47-55 [PMID:15998890].
Competing interests: No potential interests relevant to this article were reported.

作者:Daphne Lichtensztajn and Ellen Chang

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    If your articles are always this hlepufl, "I'll be back."

    0

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    2011-06-25 jiangfch

    有意义

    0

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