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Antimicrob Resist and Infect Control:流行病学调查VS全基因组测序丨谁更胜一筹?

2019-03-05 朱晓露 SIFIC感染循证资讯

暴发的标准流行病学调查通常依赖于时空数据和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE),但全基因组测序(WGS)正在被越来越多地使用。本次调查的目的是使用WGS与标准流行病学暴发调查比较,描述耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(CPAb)医院内暴发的特征。

编者按

耐碳青霉烯酶的鲍曼不动杆菌(CPAb)已经受到全球关注。而控制CPAb暴发需要细致的调查。 标准的流行病学调查是一个包括创建传播链的多步骤过程。 生物型,血清型和抗菌药物敏感性等表型特用于推断病原体相互关联性,并与流行病学三间分布相结合以确定传播事件。脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)通常被认为是检测整个基因组差异的金标准。而全基因组测序(WGS)越来越被认为是流行病学研究的有力工具,已被用于疫情调查,既可以回顾性地识别环境来源和其他病例,也可以实时确认暴发的存在,并跟踪突变耐药性机制的出现和传播。 然而,但很少有研究将标准流行病学暴发调查与WGS调查进行比较。

院感暴发的流行病学调查与WGS调查之比较

研究背景

暴发的标准流行病学调查通常依赖于时空数据和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE),但全基因组测序(WGS)正在被越来越多地使用。本次调查的目的是使用WGS与标准流行病学暴发调查比较,描述耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(CPAb)医院内暴发的特征。

研究方法

2012年3月至2014年1月期间,发生在一家拥有637张床位医院的CPAb暴发。 确诊病例定义为在此期间发现定植或感染CPAb的任何患者。

标准调查使用流行病学三间分布和PFGE来生成传播链。单独的WGS调查仅根据WGS和采样日期产生传播链,而不关注流行病学三间分布和PFGE。对使用Illumina MiSeq平台产生的WGS数据进行核心单核苷酸变体(SNV)系统发生分析。对传播链进行定量和定性比较,以评估两种方法之间的一致性。

研究结果

暴发描述:

疫情暴发期间共确认28例病例,包括定植和感染患者。首发病例发生在2012年3月的重症监护病房。截至2014年检测又发现27例病例。5例患者发生CPAb菌血症,均在第一次血培养阳性后72 h内死亡。这些为感染病例,而其余22例仅是定植。所有分离株均对青霉素,碳青霉烯类,喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类耐药。PFGE鉴定了四个脉冲。

基因组分析:

通过计算机模拟序列分型,发现所有28个分离株都是序列型(ST)208。所有分离株中由WGS鉴定的抗性基因是一致的。碳青霉烯耐药性可归因于获得的D类碳青霉烯酶blaOXA-237以及固有的blaOXA-66的存在。氨基糖苷类耐药性可归因于aadA1、aph(3')-Ia、armA、strA和strB的存在。喹诺酮耐药性归因于GyrA(Ser-83-Leu)和ParC(Ser-80-Leu)的突变。

用于SNV分析的有效的和包涵的位点占核心基因组总数的96.8%。在所有暴发菌株中共鉴定出20个SNV用于系统发生。提取并比对了这20个SNV基因座。

流行病学调查比较:

使用标准暴发调查与WGS生成传播链对比见图1。在使用标准调查确定的27个传播事件中,12个(44.4%)与使用WGS确定的传播事件相同,而15个(55.5%)是不一致的(图1b)。

图1. 加拿大蒙特利尔医院暴发期间耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌的传播(轴未按比例)。(a)标准流行病学调查,使用患者时空信息确定预测传播,菌株分离日期,抗菌谱结果和脉冲场凝胶电泳解释。(b)全基因组测序研究的预测,使用单核苷酸变体分析和菌株分离日期确定传播。颜色表示预计暴露时病例的位置。虚线箭头表示其他调查方法不支持的传播。 SNV,单核苷酸变体

在标准调查中,患者2被预测为是两个主要传播链的中心源(图1a)。然而,WGS分析不支持该结论。同样,2013年2号病房的聚集(患者17-24和26)最初被认为起源于患者8,而使用WGS,认为3是暴发的核心。另一方面,WGS生成的传播链也错误地识别了一些传播事件。例如,患者17的来源根据WGS和采样日期归因于患者5,但考虑到了患者3、5和17的菌株是相同的,患者17的来源可能是患者3或未知的中间案例。事实上,流行病学三间分布表明患者3和17在患者17被转移到2号病房之前暂时位于1号病房,其中暴发菌株迅速传播。两种调查方法之间其他值得注意的差异包括对患者6、10、11、13和28的传播(图1)。

在标准调查中,发现28例中有26例与潜在的病例共用一个病房。在WGS生成的传播链中,27个传播事件中的23个可以通过与已知病例共用病房的患者来解释,尽管获得的暴发菌株偶尔发生在不同于以前怀疑的病房中(图1b)。

两个不一致的事件仅在方向性方面不同。 使用标准的流行病学工具,认为患者2已经将暴发毒传播给了患者3和患者13至14。.然而,WGS认为实际情况恰好相反,假设患者3和14在较早时期获得了暴发菌株,或者有未检测到的携带者。 比原先想象的更早的日期或者有未被发现的载体。

WGS确定了传统方法未检测到的几个传播事件,并且确定的不同病房发生的传播事件要多于标准方法所怀疑的传播事件。通过标准调查方法,每个传播事件的SNV的平均数(标准差[SD])为1.63(SD,1.31),WGS为0.63(SD,0.79)(p = 0.001),所有分离物都含有罕见的碳青霉烯酶blaOXA-237。

PFGE和基因组分析的常规分型比较:

PFGE鉴定了四个脉冲。用WGS,患者3、5、17和19至23没有SNV差异。然而,PFGE建立了不同的条带模式,最初将分离物分为脉冲 A5或A5-a。检查这些序列鉴定了早期分离株特有的三小段DNA,但没有一个能解释PFGE上看到的谱带变异。怀疑在ApaI的限制位点处或附近发生遗传事件(插入、缺失或重组),导致不同的带数或带大小的移位。SNV分析可能没有检测到这种变化,因为它可能发生在SNV之外的多个事件的位置(即WGS涵盖的核心基因组的96.8%)或者是SNV工作流程未捕获的大型事件。类似地,PFGE将分离物13和15分组为脉冲A4,并将16分离到脉冲A6,但对这3种菌株进行WGS分析没有SNV差异。

研究结论

标准流行病学调查方法和WGS调查具有适度的一致性。使用定性和定量比较策略,研究者的调查发现两个调查之间存在许多相似之处,但也存在重大差异。当与流行病学数据和临床信息一起使用时,WGS可以帮助确定传播事件。

该研究的优势

首先,研究者的研究表明PFGE和WGS之间基因评估存在惊人的差异。对于鲍曼不动杆菌分型,SNV分析可能优于PFGE,因为它忽略了由于水平基因转移和基因组重组而引起的变化。

其次,这项研究代表了第三次报道的获得性D类碳青霉烯酶blaOXA-237的鉴定,以及它在加拿大的首次鉴定。

该研究的局限性

由于其回顾性质,目前尚不清楚实时执行WGS是否会改变暴发的进展。尽管观察到所有差异,但是标准的流行病学调查最终成功地控制了疫情。此外,

对可获得的流行病学数据的审查无法解释四种情况下获得CPAb的方法

两项调查都不能解释其他身份不明定植患者的存在。

分子流行病学中缺乏对鲍曼不动杆菌“细菌克隆”的标准化定义也使WGS调查复杂化。

原始出处:Chloe Bogaty,Laura Mataseje, Andrew Gray, et al. Investigation of a Carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak using whole genome sequencing versus a standard epidemiologic investigation[J]. Antimicrob Resist and Infect Control (2018) 7:140.

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  4. 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time=2019-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1588355, encodeId=4bcb1588355de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1cb8e014e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESI#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7014, encryptionId=1cb8e014e0, topicName=ESI)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f4f817593223, createdName=skhzy, createdTime=Thu Mar 07 14:08:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362062, encodeId=ad8a36206263, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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    2019-03-07 xugumin
  5. 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  6. 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time=2019-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1588355, encodeId=4bcb1588355de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1cb8e014e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESI#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7014, encryptionId=1cb8e014e0, topicName=ESI)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f4f817593223, createdName=skhzy, createdTime=Thu Mar 07 14:08:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362062, encodeId=ad8a36206263, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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  7. 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  8. 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time=2019-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1588355, encodeId=4bcb1588355de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1cb8e014e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESI#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7014, encryptionId=1cb8e014e0, topicName=ESI)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f4f817593223, createdName=skhzy, createdTime=Thu Mar 07 14:08:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362062, encodeId=ad8a36206263, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed Mar 06 00:09:30 CST 2019, time=2019-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-07 skhzy
  9. 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    2019-03-06 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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