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邸立军:转移性三阴性乳腺癌全新治疗进展

2015-05-24 邸立军 严颖 肿瘤医学论坛

铂类药物在BRCA突变三阴性乳腺癌中显示优势          化疗是转移性三阴性乳腺癌主要治疗手段,尚无可靠的循证医学证据证实三阴性乳腺癌对特定的化疗药物敏感,因此目前指南仍推荐对于未曾接受过化疗的三阴性乳腺癌,首选蒽环类和紫杉类药物化疗。      &n

铂类药物在BRCA突变三阴性乳腺癌中显示优势
        
化疗是转移性三阴性乳腺癌主要治疗手段,尚无可靠的循证医学证据证实三阴性乳腺癌对特定的化疗药物敏感,因此目前指南仍推荐对于未曾接受过化疗的三阴性乳腺癌,首选蒽环类和紫杉类药物化疗。
       
部分三阴性乳腺癌患者可能从铂类药物化疗中更多获益 

铂类药物的作用机制是通过直接与DNA结合,引起DNA链内或链间交联,从而导致双链DNA的解离,触发细胞生长停滞,也可能诱导细胞死亡。在DNA双链损伤修复时,都需要进行有BRCA1和BRCA2蛋白参与的同源重组修复过程,因此,BRCA1或BRCA2中的任何一个蛋白发生变异,都将导致同源重组修复失常。伴有BRCA1或BRCA2突变细胞的特点之一就是对DNA交联药物敏感。

相关报道:

BRCA突变乳腺癌患者在三阴性乳腺癌中的比例比在全部散发乳腺癌的患者高 

目前有部分研究在转移性三阴性乳腺癌治疗领域探讨铂类药物在BRCA突变乳腺癌中的作用。2014年圣安东尼奥乳腺癌会议(SABCS)上报道了一项卡铂对比多西他赛一线治疗晚期三阴性乳腺癌或BRCA1/2突变乳腺癌的临床研究(TNT研究)。结果显示,在未经选择的三阴性乳腺癌中,两种药物的主要观察终点(客观有效率)和次要观察终点(无疾病进展时间)均相似,无显著差异。而在43例存在BRCA突变的患者中研究显示,卡铂治疗组客观有效率显著高于多西他赛治疗组。该研究提示在未选择的三阴性乳腺癌中,卡铂并不优于多西他赛,但在BRCA1/2突变患者中卡铂治疗存在显著的优势。未经BRCA检测的三阴性乳腺癌是否可以优先选择以铂类药物为基础的化疗方案仍存在争议  2015年3月中国学者在《Lancet Oncology》杂志上报告了CBCSG006试验结果,这是一项对比顺铂+吉西他滨方案与紫杉醇+吉西他滨方案一线治疗转移性三阴性乳腺癌的随机、对照、Ⅲ期临床研究。共纳入240例复发初治的三阴性乳腺癌,大部分患者在(新)辅助治疗阶段进行过蒽环类药物(>80%)和/或紫杉类药物(>60%)治疗。结果显示PFS顺铂+吉西他滨组显著优于紫杉醇+吉西他滨组。研究提示三阴性乳腺癌,特别是辅助治疗阶段曾行蒽环类和紫杉类药物治疗的患者,一线化疗也许可以优先选择顺铂联合吉西他滨方案治疗。

相关报道:
ASCO 2014:gBRCA突变和家族史是三阴性乳腺癌pCR高的预测因素  

抗血管生成靶向治疗仍有希望
        
E2100、AVADO以及RIBBON-1三项Ⅲ期临床试验研究的结果奠定了贝伐珠单抗在转移性乳腺癌治疗中的重要地位。这三项研究结果显示贝伐珠单抗+化疗(紫杉醇,多西他赛,蒽环类药物,卡培他滨)在PFS方面显著优于单纯化疗。对其中621例三阴性乳腺癌进行Meta分析,结果显示贝伐珠单抗联合化疗可显著延长患者PFS。但在OS方面,贝伐珠单抗对三阴性乳腺癌仍未显示出优势。一线贝伐珠单抗联合化疗治疗获益的患者,在疾病进展后是否可以继续使用贝伐珠单抗治疗TANIA研究是一项随机、对照、Ⅲ期临床试验,结果显示,与单纯化疗组相比,贝伐珠单抗+化疗组的中位明显延长,但总生存期数据尚不成熟。虽然研究结果喜人,但从经济方面及不良反应方面考虑,长期、持续进行贝伐珠单抗治疗是否合理仍存在争议。另外一些有抗血管生成作用的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂如索拉菲尼,舒尼替尼等在临床研究中也显示出部分疗效,但尚需大规模临床试验进一步验证。在临床实践中,对于部分三阴性乳腺癌患者,尤其是肿瘤负荷重,疾病进展迅速的三阴性乳腺癌可以考虑选择贝伐珠单抗联合化疗。

相关报道:
JCO:内分泌治疗加上贝伐珠单抗作为晚期乳腺癌的一线治疗的疗效评估 
PARP抑制剂尚需探索
        
在BRCA存在缺陷的细胞中,由于同源重组修复通路障碍,使得其他DNA修复路径变得更为重要。多聚二磷酸腺苷核糖聚合酶- 1 (PARP1)是DNA单链断裂修复的关键酶,对具有BRCA 1/2基因突变的乳腺癌患者更为敏感。目前在乳腺癌领域正在进行研究的PARP抑制剂包括Iniparib、Olaparib、Veliparib等。2009年ASCO年会上公布Iniparib治疗三阴性乳腺癌Ⅱ期临床研究结果令人振奋,Iniparib联合吉西他滨/卡铂可显著延长三阴性转移性乳腺癌患者PFS和OS,但在Ⅲ期临床研究中并未得到相同的结果。目前正在进行一项评价Olaparib对比医生所选化疗方案治疗BRCA1/2突变转移性乳腺癌随机、对照、Ⅲ期临床研究(D0819C00003)。计划纳入310例包括三阴性乳腺癌在内的HER2阴性并且BRCA1/2突变乳腺癌患者。该项研究的最终结果可能会为三阴性乳腺癌的治疗提供新的治疗策略。

PD-1抗体使部分三阴性乳腺癌患者产生持续应答
        
PD-1程序性死亡受体1,是一种重要的免疫抑制分子。PD-1 结合配体PD-L1和PD-L2影响T细胞功能,肿瘤能够通过高表达PD-L1,与PD-1结合,使肿瘤细胞逃避免疫监控。2014年的圣安东尼奥乳腺癌会议(SABCS)上公布了PD-1免疫疗法Keytruda(pembrolizumab)治疗转移性三阴乳腺癌(TNBC)的首批早期数据,此次公布的数据来自一项Ⅰb期研究(KEYNOTE-012)的其中一个队列,该队列调查了Keytruda单药疗法用于PD-L1表达呈阳性的复发或TNBC的治疗。结果显示,针对PD-L1阳性三阴乳腺癌,Keytruda表现出了卓越的抗肿瘤活性,总缓解率达到了18.5%,该项目研究者拟近期开展Ⅱ期临床研究(见:SABCS 2014:Pembrolizumab使部分三阴性乳腺癌患者产生持续应答 )(SABCS 2014:PD-1免疫疗法展现三阴乳腺癌治疗潜力 )。

基因分型指导治疗初见端倪
        
Lehmann等通过基因分析,2011年首次提出将三阴性乳腺癌能够被分为 6 个亚型-基底细胞样 1(BL1)、基底细胞样 2(BL2)、免疫调节(IM)、间充质样细胞(M)、间充质样干细胞(MSL)和管样雄激素受体(LAR),以及不稳定亚型(UNS)。针对不同亚型的三阴性乳腺癌特点选择相应的治疗方案,目前有一些探索性研究结果,如BL1亚型存在DNA损伤修复缺陷,可以优先选择铂类药物或PARP抑制剂治疗,而M亚型,BL2亚型和MSL亚型存在多种信号通路激活,选择mTOR抑制剂,Src抑制剂,或生长因子抑制剂治疗。

2014年SABCS会议报道了一项Ⅱ期临床研究(TBCRC),共筛查了424例三阴性乳腺癌,发现其中28例为雄激素受体阳性,这些患者经雄激素拮抗剂比卡鲁胺治疗后,19%的患者疾病稳定时间超过6个月,从该项治疗中获益,因此对于三阴性乳腺癌中管样雄激素受体型,可以进行雄激素受体拮抗剂治疗。

相关报道:

小结
        
转移性三阴性乳腺癌治疗困难,化疗仍是主要的治疗方式。由于三阴性乳腺癌中部分患者存在BRCA1/2突变,DNA修复缺陷,因此以铂类为基础的化疗方案能为BRCA1/2突变三阴性乳腺癌患者带来获益。另外,贝伐珠单抗可以成为一些三阴性乳腺癌的治疗选择。其它一些治疗药物,如PARP抑制剂,PD-1抗体等正在进行临床研究,有望给三阴性乳腺癌患者提供新的治疗机会。

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    2016-01-23 yese
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    2015-05-26 xcjick

    期待更多的治疗方案及药物的出现,以改善三阴性乳腺癌患者的预后

    0

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    2015-05-26 xlysu

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