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微创全膝关节置换术进展

2014-06-01 冯世庆 天津医科大学总医院

骨关节炎是导致大多数人65岁以后长期残疾的最常见原因,而且膝关节是最常见的受累部位。百分之八十的膝关节炎患者有运动功能限制, 其中25%的患者有日常生活活动困难。在美国全年骨关节炎产生的经济成本估计为60元亿美元。全膝关节置换术( TKA)是一个重要的治疗方法,但是术后及在术后康复过程中往往伴随着剧烈的疼痛。大多数患者需要至少6周或更长的辅助设备,直到所涉及的肌肉切口愈合。他们还面临几个月的频

骨关节炎是导致大多数人65岁以后长期残疾的最常见原因,而且膝关节是最常见的受累部位。百分之八十的膝关节炎患者有运动功能限制, 其中25%的患者有日常生活活动困难。在美国全年骨关节炎产生的经济成本估计为60元亿美元。全膝关节置换术( TKA)是一个重要的治疗方法,但是术后及在术后康复过程中往往伴随着剧烈的疼痛。大多数患者需要至少6周或更长的辅助设备,直到所涉及的肌肉切口愈合。他们还面临几个月的频繁物理疗法和麻醉性镇痛药。所以如何减轻膝关节置换患者的术后痛苦,并获得更好的膝关节功能是骨科医生一直研究的方向。

微创全膝关节置换术(minimally invasive TKA,MIS TKA)以及发展近10年来,相对于传统全膝关节置换术具有许多优势。接受微创全膝关节置换术通常有较少的术后疼痛,缩短了住院时间,并更快的恢复股四头肌肌力,缩短了对辅助器械的依赖。微创全膝关节置换术才用较短的切口通常为8-12厘米(取决于病人个体),并避免了损伤股四头肌腱,而传统的TKA则采用14-16厘米切口。标准的全膝关节置换术涉及髌骨脱位外翻,用微创全膝关节置换术,髌骨移位不外翻,不损伤伸膝关节装置。

MIS的概念推出十余年间,在骨科医生之间和患者之间都引起了不少争议,故在全膝关节置换术中,一般没有公认为MIS的定义方法。MIS限定仅基于切口尺码,微创的目的是减少关节置换术损失,以保证股四头肌的功能和膝关节的稳定性。我们的研究发现MIS TKA能通过避免外翻髌骨的方法损害伸膝装置。MIS TKA几个手术入路:传统的膝关节内侧入路:经股内侧肌入路(Midvastus Approach),微型股内侧肌下入路(Subvastus Approach),股四头肌保留入路(Quadriceps Sparing,QS)以及膝关节外侧手术入路。经过我们的研究发现微型股内侧肌下入路(Subvastus Approach)患者恢复时间短,术中出血少,减少了伸膝装置损伤。

1.  微创膝关节的优点

MIS TKA的操作没有侵及膝关节的伸直装置,也没有波及髌上囊。如果进行微创技术操作切开关节囊时,侵及伸膝装置、髌上囊和使用限制性切口外翻髌骨,都不是真正意义的微创技术。接受TKA的患者主要关心的是术后的膝痛和恢复关节功能所需要的时间,以及关节的远期功能。传统TKA 可以缓解膝痛症状,但是对一些患者恢复到日常生活的活动却是一个挑战,往往需要很长的时间用于术后恢复。MIS TKA的支持者普遍认为它允许患者恢复时间快,术中出血少,减少软组织损伤,更缓解疼痛,更好的皮肤修复外观,和患者术后更好的膝关节功能恢复。批评家强调MIS TKA相关的可能发生的长期并发症结果(例如,较低的存活率)和学习曲线的长度。尽管迅速崛起的MIS和推广全膝关节置换术,一些外科医生是不确定的,如果MIS TKA的是一个合理手术方式。那么更快的恢复时间与承诺的较少的术后痛苦,以及能通过MIS减少难看的疤痕,能够激励骨科医生和患者对微创膝关节技术进行改进和探索。

MIS TKA作为一种新技术,虽然不同的手术者操作方法和手术器械有差异,而且术后的疗效随访及评价也都是短期和少量的,但是,MIS TKA与传统TKA 相比较,具有其独特的优势: ① 手术剥离创伤范围小,对重要的伸膝关节装置的解剖学结构作最小损伤,不损失伸膝装置,不外翻髌骨,术后膝关节更稳定,关节功能恢复得更好。②皮肤切口瘢痕最小化,满足患者美容学的要求。③减少术中和术后的失血。④ 疼痛程度降低。⑤膝关节可以早期功能活动。⑥缩短住院时间,降低医疗费用。⑦ 早期疗效比较明显的,手术后遗症较少的优点。如果,MIS TKA仅是单纯皮肤切口小的美容学的概念,而其治疗效果不及传统TKA,或术后伴有更多的并发症,那么,MIS TKA就失去发展应用的意义。

2. MIS TKA 的适应证

MIS TKA的手术适应证主要对象是首次接受膝关节置换的患者。

适应症

禁忌症

初次置换

体重>80kg

<10°内翻畸形

年龄>80岁

<15°外翻畸形

严重的骨质疏松

关节活动度>110°

肿瘤侵袭或转移

无明显的骨量减少

严重的脏器衰竭

3. MIS TKA 的手术入路

术前进行详细的评估。除了常规的X线片检查、双下肢血管超声检查、骨密度检查外,必要时行膝关节CT三维重建,了解清楚膝关节、股骨及胫骨的状况,制定最佳的手术方案。根据患者的病情及膝关节的特点行MIS TKA所采用的手术入路和具体操作方法略有不同,目前手术入路可以分为膝关节内侧入路和外侧入路。下面分别介绍如下:

3.1 膝关节内侧手术入路

膝关节内侧入路是传统TKA的入路。在膝关节伸直时,股内侧肌能阻止髌骨向外侧移位。因此,在行MIS TKA时必须注意保护股内侧肌的神经。

3.1.1 内侧髌骨旁入路(Medial Parapatellar Approach):

该入路具有切口简单,容易掌握,术区暴露清楚,远离血管神经,操作安全等特点。具体操作步骤为:膝前正中皮肤切口,长约8~10cm, 自髌骨上极近端2~4cm至胫骨结节内侧;关节囊的切口平髌骨上极髌骨内侧开始,沿髌骨内侧缘至胫骨上端髌韧带止点。如果膝关节腔显露不充分,可将关节囊切口向髌骨上方延长2~4cm至股四头肌腱内侧1/3,这一切口入路由于损伤股四头肌和髌上囊,对伸膝装置造成干扰,可能引起慢性股四头肌萎缩,因而术后康复较其他入路缓慢。

3.1.2 股四头肌保留入路(Quadriceps Sparing,QS):

股四头肌保留入路因为不干扰伸膝装置,术后疼痛较轻,肌力增强较快,被认为是最符合生理解剖的一种入路。此入路中,较为常用的是股内侧肌下入路(Subvastus approach)。具体操作步骤为:膝前正中皮肤切口,长约8~10cm,在髌骨内侧缘中点处向下切开关节囊直至胫骨结节上缘。下肢内旋,向上提拉股内侧肌腹,自髌骨内缘中点处向内侧切开2cm, 然后沿股内侧肌内缘肌间隙钝性分离,松解后,将髌骨向外侧拉开。该入路受患者自身条件(肥胖、股骨过短,肌肉强壮,关节肥大等)的限制,且其向内的横切口易伤神经血管,而且受传统膝关节假体系统的胫骨侧假体设计因素的影响,选择此入路时不但要求术者操作技巧熟练,还要求选择好恰当的适应证和选择恰当的假体。

3.1.3 经股内侧肌入路(Midvastus Approach):

股内侧肌入路的特点为结合了内侧髌骨旁切口良好的暴露和股四头肌下切口对伸肌结构良好保护的优点,但该入路可能会损伤自股外侧肌至股内侧肌的神经支配。具体操作步骤为:膝前正中皮肤切口,长约8~12cm,切开深筋膜并在适当分离后,屈膝,自髌骨内上极向下切开髌旁支持带及关节囊至胫骨结节上方,向内上方全层分开股内侧肌腹2cm,松解髌骨后外移髌骨。该入路不适用于过度肥胖、屈膝小于90°、股四头肌过于强壮的病人。

3.2 膝关节外侧手术入路

采用膝关节外侧切口行MIS TKA 相对于内侧切口的一个主要的优点为完全保留股四头肌,这样股内侧肌可以保证术后的即时康复训练;另一个优点是可以维持控制髌骨向内侧,限制髌骨向外移位的倾向。在外侧入路中,隐神经的髌下支和伴随膝中动脉降支的隐神经德内侧关节支可以完全避免损伤。外侧入路的缺点是由于胫骨结节大约偏外胫骨中线7mm,术中达到对胫骨后侧内软组织附着部分困难。另一个缺点为术者操作相对陌生。通过Bonutti等人的随机对照研究比较了MIS subvastus和midvastus的方法行双侧全膝关节置换,他们没有表现出差异。

3.3 MIS TKA 截骨和假体安装操作

3.3.1 Tria 手术方法

采用不损伤股内侧肌的QS法,应用Nexgen LPS Flex Knee (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) 系统进行MIS TKA。该型膝关节假体可以在股骨后侧截骨时,比其他种类的假体多切骨2mm, 使膝关节的屈曲间隙加大,方便施行微创技术操作。

3.2.2 Bonutti 手术方法

借鉴膝关节镜手术时的体位,将患肢放在下肢支持架上,悬垂小腿,利用重力加大膝关节间隙,使术者容易观察关节后部的软组织,从而进行软组织平衡比较容易的优点。

3.2.3 Vince 手术

该方法关节囊切口采用股四头肌下方入路。关节置换操作与传统TKA的操作大同小异。Vince 法的优点是已经熟悉传统TKA操作的手术者,不必特别地专门学习截骨技术;缺点是对皮肤和软组织的牵拉过重。

4. MIS TKA的术后康复措施

MIS TKA术后的康复措施分阶段就行,术后0-1天:消除肿胀,减轻疼痛,早期等长肌力练习,关节活动度练习,避免肌肉萎缩及关节粘连。术后2天:拔除引流。术后2-4天:加强关节活动度及肌力练习,术后5-7天:负重及本体感觉练习,提高关节控制能力及稳定性,逐步改善步态。术后2周-1个月:强化关节活动度,强化肌力及关节稳定,恢复日常生活各项活动能力。 

5. MIS TKA的治疗效果

MIS TKA可以获得良好的早期效果。(1)手术失血量少。平均手术用时是70分钟;平均失血量是200ml,其失血量是传统TKA手术操作的一半。 (2)术后膝关节疼痛指数降低,对止痛药的依赖也明显降低。(2)早期膝关节功能恢复。MIS TKA 组的膝关节功能的恢复明显快于传统的TKA;术后三个月, MIS TKA组膝关节可屈至平均110°,而传统的TKA则只可屈至平均90°;术后一年时MIS TKA的关节活动度已达120°(110°~135°),而传统组则为100°(95°~130°)。

6. 微创全膝关节置换术的发展方向

全膝关节置换术手术切口的变小,要求了改变手术入路和手术操作器械的专门化。全新的操作技术又要求开发合适的膝关节假体和发展计算机辅助技术,从而改变膝关节置换的传统模式。随着计算机技术为基础的导航系统的发展,手术技术在MIS TKA的发展应用,使MIS TKA操作更加精确,对关节结构和周围软组织的损伤更加微小化,达到没有早期临床失败和并发症的目的。计算机辅助设计技术已经被成功引入人工膝关节临床应用中。在软件帮助下,可以在电脑上模拟出与患者的膝关节完全相同的虚拟关节,并利用该模型在关节假体数据库中找到与该患者最适合的假体和手术时需要对术式进行哪些修改。计算机辅助技术的应用可以帮助在人工关节置换术中两侧软组织平衡的判定由经验估计发展到计算机量化测试,大大提高了手术的精确度。虽然目前计算机导航技术还处于发展阶段,但是随着科学技术的发展,相信计算机辅助技术和微创膝关节技术将会得到完美的融合。

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    2015-11-24 老段

    骨科内容

    0

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    2014-07-20 yxch48
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    2014-06-03 vera_1203
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