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Cell Stem Cell:是什么让我们成为人类?答案可能会在垃圾DNA中找到

2021-11-29 转化医学 转化医学

人类与其他动物有何区别?

人类的DNA与黑猩猩非常相似,从进化的角度来看,黑猩猩是在亲缘关系上与人类最接近的生物。如今,在一项新的研究中,来自瑞典隆德大学的研究人员发现了人类DNA中一个以前被忽视的部分,即所谓的非编码DNA,似乎在人类和黑猩猩的大脑之间导致了一种差异,这可能解释了为什么人类和黑猩猩的大脑工作方式不同。相关研究结果于2021年10月7日在线发表在Cell Stem Cell期刊上,论文标题为“A cis-acting structural variation at the ZNF558 locus controls a gene regulatory network in human brain development”。

 

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已有研究表明从进化上看,人类和黑猩猩来自于一个共同的祖先。大约500万至600万年前,人类和黑猩猩的进化路径发生分叉,导致了今天的黑猩猩和21世纪的人类——智人。

 

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在这项新的研究中,这些作者研究了了我们的DNA中是什么使人类和黑猩猩的大脑不同,他们已经找到了答案。

论文通讯作者、隆德大学神经科学教授Johan Jakobsson解释说,“我们并没有研究活的人类和黑猩猩,而是使用在实验室中培养的诱导性多能干细胞(iPSC)。iPSC是由我们在德国、美国和日本的合作伙伴对皮肤细胞进行重编程获得的。随后,他们让所获得的ipsC在体外发育为前脑神经祖细胞(forebrain neural progenitor cell, fbNPC)并研究了fbNPC。”

通过比较利用人类和黑猩猩ipsC分别产生的人类fbNPC和黑猩猩fbNPC,这些作者发现人类和黑猩猩以不同的方式使用其DNA中的可变数目串联重复序列(variable number tandem repeat, VNTR),这似乎在人类和黑猩猩的大脑发育中发挥了相当大的作用。

 

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图片来自Cell Stem Cell, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.stem.2021.09.008。

 

这些作者确定了一种KRAB-ZFP转录因子:ZNF558,它在人类而不是黑猩猩的fbNPC中表达。ZNF558是作为LINE-1转座子的抑制因子而进化出来的,但已被用来调节单个靶标,即线粒体自噬基因SPATA18。ZNF558在线粒体稳态中起作用,在大脑类器官中的功能缺失实验表明,ZNF558在人类早期大脑发育期间影响发育时间。ZNF558的表达受到下游的VNTR大小的控制,黑猩猩的VNTR比人类更长,而且VNTR在人类群体中也是可变的。因此,这项研究为顺式结构变异(cis-acting structural variation)如何建立一种影响人类大脑进化的调控网络提供了机制上的新见解。

VNTR是一种所谓的DNA结构变体,以前被称为‘垃圾DNA’,一种长期被认为没有功能的DNA重复序列。以前,科学家们一直在DNA中制造蛋白的基因部分寻找答案,这些基因只占人类基因组的2%,并研究了蛋白质本身,以找到差异。

因此,这些新的发现表明,人类和黑猩猩的大脑发育差异似乎在基因组DNA的蛋白编码基因之外的称为‘垃圾DNA’的地方,这在之前被认为是没有功能的,而且构成了基因组DNA的大部分(98%)。

Jakobsson说,“这表明,人类大脑进化的基础是遗传机制,这些机制可能比以前认为的要复杂得多,因为人们之前认为答案就在2%的遗传DNA中。我们的结果表明,对大脑发育有意义的东西反而可能隐藏在被忽视的98%中,这似乎很重要。这是一个令人惊讶的发现。”

这些作者所使用的干细胞技术是革命性的,使这种类型的研究得以进行。正是日本研究人员山中伸弥的发现使得特化细胞可以被重编程成iPSC,随后iPSC可以分化为几乎所有类型的细胞。在这项新的研究中,ipsC分化为fbNPC。如果没有这种技术,就不可能用符合伦理的方法研究人类和黑猩猩之间的差异。

为什么想要研究人类和黑猩猩之间的差异?

Jakobsson说,“我相信,大脑是了解人类之所以为人的关键所在。人类能够以这样的方式使用他们的大脑来建立社会,教育他们的孩子并发展先进的技术,这是怎么来的?这很吸引人!”

Jakobsson认为,在未来,这些新的发现也可能有助于对有关诸如精神分裂症之类的精神疾病的问题提供基于遗传上的答案,其中精神分裂症似乎是人类独有的。

他总结说,“但是在我们达到这一点之前还有很长的路要走,因为我们现在不是对2%的编码DNA进行进一步的研究,而是可能被迫深入研究100%的DNA,这是一项相当复杂的研究任务。”

参考资料:

Pia A. Johansson et al. A cis-acting structural variation at the ZNF558 locus controls a gene regulatory network in human brain development. Cell Stem Cell, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.stem.2021.09.008.

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    2022-07-14 hxzhang
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    2022-02-21 维他命
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    2021-11-30 查查佳佳

    前列腺癌的前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA) 筛查导致

    0

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    2021-11-30 学医无涯

    学习一下

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    2021-11-29 于四方

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