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糖尿病酮症酸中毒的精选要点,临床速用!

2021-09-02 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

糖尿病酮症酸中毒是高血糖危象之一,也是糖尿病急性并发症之一,由于胰岛素不足或作用明显减弱和升糖激素不适当升高引起的糖、脂肪和蛋白代谢严重紊乱综合征

     糖尿病酮症酸中毒是高血糖危象之一,也是糖尿病急性并发症之一,由于胰岛素不足或作用明显减弱和升糖激素不适当升高引起的糖、脂肪和蛋白代谢严重紊乱综合征,以至水、电解质和酸碱平衡失调,临床以高血糖、高血酮和代谢性酸中毒为主要表现。本病是常见病、多发病,目前在全球范围内,以糖尿病酮症酸中毒起病的糖尿病患者发生率越来越高。作为内分泌科的急重症之一,在临床的诊治十分重要,本文就介绍糖尿病酮症酸中毒的诊治要点。

1.确定诊断(血浆葡萄糖升高,血清酮体阳性,代谢性酸中毒)

2.住院治疗,需要严密监测。如果患者血pH值<7.00或者意识不清时,需要对患者给予重症监护的相应措施

3.评估:血清电解质(K+,Na+,Mg2+,Cl-,碳酸氢盐,磷酸盐)、酸碱代谢(pH值、HCO3-、β-羟丁酸)、肾功能(肌酐、尿量)

4补液:最初1~3h补充0.9%生理盐水2~3L[10~20ml/(kg・h)]:随后改为0.45%生理盐水250~500m/h;当血糖降至250mg/dl(13.9mmol/L)时,换用5%葡萄糖和0.45%生理盐水以150~250ml/h速度输注

5.使用短效胰岛素:静脉注射(0.1U/kg),然后以0.1[U/(kg・h)]的速度持续静脉输注;如果2~4h血糖无改善,加量2~3倍。如果最初血清钾<3.3mmol/L(3.3meq/L),则直至钾纠正后再应用胰岛素。

6.评估患者:诱发因素(依从性差、感染、创伤、妊娠、梗死、使用镇静剂),完善相应的检查寻找诱发因素(培养、胸部X线、心电图)

7.每1~2h测量一次毛细血管血糖,第一个24h内,每4h测定一次电解质(尤其是K+、碳酸氢盐、磷酸盐)和阴离子间隙

8.每1~4h监测一次血压、脉搏、呼吸、精神状态、液体出入量

9.补K+治疗:当血浆K+<5.0~5.2mmol/L(或20~30mmol/L输注液体)、心电图正常、尿量和肌酐正常时,可按10mmol/h的速度补钾治疗;当血浆K+<3.5mmol/L或给予碳酸氢盐治疗时,调整速度至40~80mmol/h。

10.持续上述流程直至患者情况稳定,血糖目标为8.3~13.9mmol/L(150~250mg/d),酸中毒纠正。此时胰岛素输注速度可降低至0.05~0.1U/(kg・h)。

11.一旦患者恢复进食,可应用长效胰岛素。注意保证胰岛素输注和皮下注射胰岛素有2~4h的重叠再撤静点的胰岛素。

 

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    0

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    2021-09-04 mashirong
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    2021-09-02 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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近日,一项随机的多地点临床试验评估了单次糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)发作是否与新诊断的1型糖尿病儿童的认知能力下降有关,以及在考虑了血糖控制和其他相关因素的变化后,以前诊断过的儿童是否也是如此,研究结果

糖尿病酮症酸中毒ST段抬高,是急性冠状动脉综合征吗?

糖尿病酮症酸中毒(Diabetic ketoacidosis,DKA)是糖尿病急性并发症,源于高酮血症、高血糖症、代谢性酸中毒以及高钾血症等电解质异常发生改变所致。

22岁女子长期过量喝奶茶被送进ICU!奶茶对人的危害有多大?

近日,湖南长沙,一22岁女子由于每天过量饮用奶茶,导致糖尿病酮症酸中毒突然昏迷,被送进ICU抢救。经过医护人员的全力救治,虽然这次死里逃生,但她将终身与胰岛素为伴。

Diabetes Care:有饮食失调的T1DM患者的DKA和死亡风险分别增加了3倍和6倍!

与没有饮食失调病史的同龄人相比,有饮食失调病史的1型糖尿病青少年和年轻成人患者患DKA的风险增加了三倍以上,死亡风险增加了近六倍!

Diabetes Care:1型糖尿病青少年患者酮症酸中毒的发生率逐年增加!

从2010年至2016年,确诊为1型糖尿病或接近1型糖尿病的个体的DKA发生率逐年增加

JCEM:2006-2016年美国儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒入院的全国趋势

美国儿童DKA入院率上升了40%,弱势群体风险最高。进一步的研究应归纳这些人群所面临的挑战,以为制定减轻其DKA风险的干预措施提供参考,并解决全国范围内DKA发生率上升的问题。

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