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Nature:聚焦神秘蛋白质 希望发现老年痴呆新药物靶点

2018-03-30 张章 科学网

哥伦比亚麦德林市。当 Jhon Kennedy 意识到他 45 岁的父亲开始与日常生活斗争时,他正在为自己的家庭建造一所房子。父亲试图帮助他进行建造,但常常会忘记完成简单的任务。而且,父亲在下班回家的路上也会迷路。

哥伦比亚麦德林市。当 Jhon Kennedy 意识到他 45 岁的父亲开始与日常生活斗争时,他正在为自己的家庭建造一所房子。父亲试图帮助他进行建造,但常常会忘记完成简单的任务。而且,父亲在下班回家的路上也会迷路。

但 Kennedy 并不感到惊讶:他的 4 个叔叔也开始一个接一个地失去记忆。但在哥伦比亚偏远的安蒂奥基亚地区——这里因山区和咖啡种植园而闻名,医生也从未听说过早发性痴呆症。

直到一位表亲了解到安提奥基亚大学有关阿尔茨海默病的研究后,Kennedy 的亲属才明白他们所面临的疾病。在过去的 30 多年里,研究人员一直在追踪一种导致阿尔茨海默氏症的基因突变,这种基因突变在该地区很常见,能导致阿尔茨海默氏症在人们四五十岁时就“袭来”。

今年晚些时候,该大学的一个团队将开始扫描一些阿尔茨海默氏症患者的大脑。研究人员将追踪一种叫做 tau 蛋白的蛋白质。除了淀粉样蛋白沉积以外,tau 蛋白聚集形成的神经纤维缠结也是阿尔茨海默氏症患者大脑组织中的经典特征之一。负责这项研究的神经学家 Francisco Lopera 表示,实时观察 tau 蛋白的形成可以揭示它在阿尔茨海默氏症中的作用。

如果一切顺利,Lopera 团队将很快成为哥伦比亚首个扫描人类大脑寻找 tau 蛋白的团队。研究小组已经进行了一项初步的成像研究,结果显示出了有希望的数据。今年 2 月,该团队称,他们将来自同一个哥伦比亚家庭的 24 人带到了美国马萨诸塞州波士顿,并使用正电子发射断层扫描(PET)搜索了他们的大脑中的 tau 蛋白。结果显示,这些来自安蒂奥基亚山区的人们在出现症状前,tau 蛋白就已经在大脑中积累了 6 年。

“这是一篇非常权威的论文。”加州大学旧金山分校行为神经学家 Bruce Miller 说,“这是另一个证据,表明 tau 蛋白非常重要,与阿尔茨海默氏症临床症状有很强的相关性。”

实际上,在阿尔茨海默氏症研究领域,影响到 Kennedy 父亲和叔叔的基因突变是很有名的。它可能是在 375 年前和西班牙征服者一起到达南美洲的,现在它影响了在安提奥基亚地区有超过 25 个大家庭的 5000 个成员。研究人员已经发表了几十篇关于这一群体的论文,证明淀粉样斑块在阿尔茨海默病症症状出现之前的几十年里就可以积累。

但随着有关淀粉样蛋白在阿尔茨海默氏症中作用的问题浮出水面,研究人员已经仔细研究了 tau 蛋白。这种蛋白质通常帮助稳定结构,维持神经元之间的相互交流。患有阿尔茨海默症的人会产生过多功能紊乱的 tau 蛋白,从而导致这些结构塌陷。

在过去的几年里,研究人员已经开发出放射性的生物标志物,可以让他们使用 PET 在活人大脑中检测到 tau 蛋白,并取得了不少成果,例如,大脑语言中心的 tau 蛋白质积累与语言问题有关。一些研究小组正开始实验能去除大脑中 tau 蛋白的药物,尽管这项研究还处于早期阶段。

另一方面,令人遗憾的是,Kennedy 和他的 11 个兄弟姐妹都有 50% 的机会从父亲那里继承阿尔茨海默氏症。他们中有 8 人参加了 Lopera 的实验。

实际上,Lopera 的研究始于 2013 年,旨在测试 crenezumab(一种清除大脑淀粉样斑块的药物) 能否减轻阿尔茨海默氏症的症状。在过去 5 年里,Lopera 团队招募了 252 名年龄在 30 到 60 岁之间的参与者。那些携带阿尔茨海默氏突变的人在 30 岁出头时,大脑就会开始积累淀粉样蛋白。

每位参与者每隔一周接受一次 crenezumab 或安慰剂的注射,为期 5 年。同时,Lopera 团队会测试他们的认知能力,扫描其大脑中的淀粉样蛋白,寻找血液蛋白和其他生物标志物——这可能是疾病的早期指标。

研究人员希望在接下来的几个月里,其研发的放射性标记 GPT1 一旦能获得监管机构的最终许可,就可以绘制出参与者大脑中的 tau 蛋白图谱。这样一来,团队将会联合一些使用该技术的全球研究人员。加州大学圣塔巴巴拉分校神经学家 Kenneth Kosik 表示:“在这样一个偏远地区居住的人口,能够接触到一些最先进的治疗老年痴呆症的技术,这是相当了不起的。”

Lopera 和同事们想要确定 tau 蛋白在阿尔茨海默氏症年轻人的大脑中是如何传播的,以及这种模式是否反映了老年患者中 tau 蛋白的分布情况。他们还希望将研究结果与美国的两种相关药物临床试验数据进行比较。Lopera、Kosik 和其他科学家也开始在哥伦比亚发现不同基因突变的家庭,这些基因突变会导致痴呆或与 tau 蛋白相关的神经紊乱。

Lopera 表示,直到 2022 年完成前,他的团队将不会发布 crenezumab 实验的任何数据。但他补充说,如果研究结果是有希望的,研究人员可能会把这种药物给 30 岁以下、携带着早期阿尔茨海默氏症突变的人群。

原始出处:

Sara Reardon. Pioneering Alzheimer’s study in Colombia zeroes in on enigmatic protein. Nature 555, 567-568 (2018).Doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-03848-4.

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1882933, encodeId=a7de188293342, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Nov 11 23:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1923605, encodeId=33aa19236059e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9f25864447' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58644, encryptionId=f9f25864447, topicName=新药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIuNQXObUwZmFG3VcZa2uhFq27sY7vfTowUhQCgRj2bj1odUibMF4sFXpuRLf6IE5t5yGVDSiaOoOcQ/132, createdBy=1e622500088, createdName=ms1065684921169360, createdTime=Sat Sep 22 19:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1765712, encodeId=7bdd1e65712af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=252ae1803a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71803, encryptionId=252ae1803a3, topicName=白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Thu Nov 08 02:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1297034, encodeId=37d0129e034b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=158288e017c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#蛋白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88701, encryptionId=158288e017c, topicName=蛋白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Sun Apr 01 00:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1384942, encodeId=e48c1384942de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=93618e90631' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87906, encryptionId=93618e90631, topicName=药物靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1e1c493, createdName=xugc, createdTime=Sun Apr 01 00:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=301187, encodeId=31dd30118e1c, content=学习了.长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Mar 30 12:00:20 CST 2018, time=2018-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2018-04-01 xugc
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1882933, encodeId=a7de188293342, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Nov 11 23:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1923605, encodeId=33aa19236059e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9f25864447' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58644, encryptionId=f9f25864447, topicName=新药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIuNQXObUwZmFG3VcZa2uhFq27sY7vfTowUhQCgRj2bj1odUibMF4sFXpuRLf6IE5t5yGVDSiaOoOcQ/132, createdBy=1e622500088, createdName=ms1065684921169360, createdTime=Sat Sep 22 19:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1765712, encodeId=7bdd1e65712af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=252ae1803a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71803, encryptionId=252ae1803a3, topicName=白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Thu Nov 08 02:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1297034, encodeId=37d0129e034b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=158288e017c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#蛋白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88701, encryptionId=158288e017c, topicName=蛋白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Sun Apr 01 00:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1384942, encodeId=e48c1384942de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=93618e90631' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87906, encryptionId=93618e90631, topicName=药物靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1e1c493, createdName=xugc, createdTime=Sun Apr 01 00:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=301187, encodeId=31dd30118e1c, content=学习了.长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Mar 30 12:00:20 CST 2018, time=2018-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-30 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.长知识

    0

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