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Cell Rep:揭示RNA剪接在阿尔茨海默症中的作用

2019-10-13 佚名 BioArt

pre-mRNA剪接过程是基因表达调控的重要步骤,对于形成极具多样性的神经细胞转录组尤为关键。因此,RNA 剪接失调能够引起包括脊髓性肌肉萎缩症和肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症等多种神经疾病。2013年,美国Emory大学的Seyfried教授课题组发现RNA剪接失调可能也是引起阿尔兹海默症的原因之一。阿尔兹海默症是一种随时间不断恶化的神经退行性疾病,该疾病导致人的记忆和思考能力衰退,是世界上最常见的神经

pre-mRNA剪接过程是基因表达调控的重要步骤,对于形成极具多样性的神经细胞转录组尤为关键。因此,RNA 剪接失调能够引起包括脊髓性肌肉萎缩症和肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症等多种神经疾病。2013年,美国Emory大学的Seyfried教授课题组发现RNA剪接失调可能也是引起阿尔兹海默症的原因之一。阿尔兹海默症是一种随时间不断恶化的神经退行性疾病,该疾病导致人的记忆和思考能力衰退,是世界上最常见的神经退行性疾病。然而,阿尔兹海默症的病理机制还不明确,目前也没有有效的治疗方法。

由A蛋白组成的细胞外斑块沉积和Tau蛋白组成的细胞内神经纤维缠结是阿尔兹海默症的两个决定性标志。Seyfried课题组利用先进的蛋白组学方法鉴定了患有阿尔兹海默症的人脑死亡标本的难溶蛋白组,其中包括A蛋白和Tau蛋白,以及多种RNA剪接体的核心成分。免疫组织学染色发现这些RNA剪接核心成分与Tau蛋白重叠,在阿尔兹海默症人脑中形成类似神经纤维缠结的结构。那么,RNA剪接失调是否与阿兹海默症的形成有关呢?

2019年10月8日,美国贝勒医学院Joshua Shulman教授课题组(共同一作为Yi-Chen Hsieh,郭采薇和Hari K Yalamanchili博士)在Cell Reports发表题为Tau-mediated Disruption of the Spliceosome Triggers Cryptic RNA-splicing and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease的文章,进一步揭示了RNA剪接在Tau蛋白引起的阿尔兹海默症重要影响。

与Seyfried课题组的进一步合作发现,在患有阿尔兹海默症的人脑死亡标本中可溶性Tau蛋白的免疫共沉淀蛋白组中同样存在多种RNA剪接体核心成分(U1A,U1-70K,SmB,SmD2,SmD3等)。结合之前的研究结果表明,可溶性的低聚物Tau蛋白和难溶性的纤维Tau蛋白都有可能与RNA剪接成分存在相互作用。接着,研究人员利用阿尔兹海默症Tau蛋白果蝇模型证实了多种RNA剪接体核心成分与Tau蛋白存在遗传相互作用。这种相互作用可能与RNA剪接体核心成分的合成能力或稳定性降低有关,因为在Tau蛋白果蝇模型中多种RNA剪接体核心成分的蛋白含量降低。

那么RNA剪接失调是否是引起神经退行性表型的充分条件呢?研究人员以RNA剪接体核心成分之一SmB为对象,生成了SmB突变果蝇,并检测了该果蝇的多种神经退行性相关表型,包括其生存能力降低、运动能力降低和神经细胞丢失,与阿尔兹海默症Tau蛋白果蝇模型非常相似。在SmB突变果蝇中恢复SmB的表达能够完全抑制上述神经退行性表型。

最后,研究人员利用深度RNA测序探索了阿尔兹海默症Tau蛋白果蝇模型转录组中是否存在剪接错误的情况。通过由贝勒医学院Liu教授课题组发明的新型生物信息学检测方法发现,Tau蛋白能够引起大量的随年龄和Tau蛋白毒性递增的剪接错误。对剪接错误的基因结构特性分析指出,Tau蛋白果蝇模型中的剪接错误和SmB突变果蝇中的剪接错误非常相似,表明Tau蛋白引起的剪接错误很可能由RNA剪接失活产生。同时,研究人员对上百个阿兹海默症人脑死亡标本的RNA测序转录组进行了生物信息学分析,进一步证实了剪接错误与Tau蛋白病理表现呈显着正相关。

总的来说,通过结合对阿兹海默症人脑死亡标本和果蝇模型的研究,这些发现揭示了一个由RNA剪接失调引起的阿兹海默症病理模型(下图)。简单来说,在阿兹海默症中可溶性或难溶性Tau蛋白与RNA剪接体的核心成分相互作用,影响RNA剪接体的正常功能,从而引起全转录组范围的大量剪接错误,最终导致神经细胞丢失以及各种神经退行性表型。该研究不仅生成了新的RNA剪接相关果蝇模型,发明了新的RNA剪接生物信息学检测方法,更为阿兹海默症的病理研究和临床治疗提供了新的思路。

原始出处
Yi-ChenHsieh,CaiweiGuo,Hari K.Ya,et al.Tau-Mediated Disruption of the Spliceosome Triggers Cryptic RNA Splicing and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease.cell rep.Volume 29, Issue 2, 8 October 2019, Pages 301-316.e10https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.104

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