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肺栓塞患者行大脑镰旁脑膜瘤切除术麻醉管理1例

2019-04-19 李岩 张久祥 白晓光 麻醉安全与质控

患者,女,62岁,身高165 cm,体质量65kg,BMI:24kg/m2。术前诊断:(1)左顶大脑镰旁脑膜瘤;(2)肺动脉栓塞;(3)高血压病(3级,高危)。拟在全身麻醉下行左顶大脑镰旁脑膜瘤切除术。患者主诉:右侧肢体不自主抖动伴无力7月余,加重11d,由于右侧偏瘫患者卧床1月余。既往有慢性肺动脉栓塞史5年(具体原因不详),长期口服华法林;高血压病史3年,口服苯磺酸氨氯地平片。

患者,女,62岁,身高165 cm,体质量65kg,BMI:24kg/m2。术前诊断:(1)左顶大脑镰旁脑膜瘤;(2)肺动脉栓塞;(3)高血压病(3级,高危)。拟在全身麻醉下行左顶大脑镰旁脑膜瘤切除术。患者主诉:右侧肢体不自主抖动伴无力7月余,加重11d,由于右侧偏瘫患者卧床1月余。既往有慢性肺动脉栓塞史5年(具体原因不详),长期口服华法林;高血压病史3年,口服苯磺酸氨氯地平片。
 
入院患者心率(HR)80bpm,血压(BP)130/90mmHg,入院实验室检查:凝血酶原时间(PT):15.4s,活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT):26.0s,D-二聚体(D-Di):0.7mg/L,国际标准化比值(INR):1.35,其余实验室检查未见异常。心电图(ECG)示:窦性心律,109次/min,STⅡⅢaVFV4-V6下移≤0.05mV。
 
心脏彩超:射血分数(EF)56%,每搏输出量(SV)35mL,无肺动脉高压。肺血管造影CT:右肺下叶肺动脉及其段级以下肺动脉分支未见显影,提示闭塞。四肢血管超声:右小腿肌静脉陈旧性血栓伴钙化,左小腿肌静脉增宽伴血栓形成(完全充填型);右锁骨下动脉硬化斑块形成。头颅MRI:左顶大脑镰旁脑膜瘤(4 cm×3 cm)。
 
术前相关学科会诊,其中麻醉科会诊:(1)术前57d停用华法林,改为低分子肝素替代治疗,换药期间动态监测凝血功能,控制INR在1.5以内;(2)术前完善相关检查:动脉血气,核素肺通气灌注显像明确肺动脉压力。
 
普三科会诊:(1)复查肺动脉CTA,明确肺栓塞情况;(2)若需要手术,可术前停用华法林,改为那屈肝素钙0.4mL皮下注射,2次/d,术前12h停药。
 
呼吸内科会诊:(1)继续那屈肝素钙抗凝治疗,控制血压,避免出血,若无禁忌术后24h开始抗凝治疗;(2)肺功能检查,建议行右心漂浮导管试验,必要时胸外科手术治疗。
 
根据各科室相关会诊意见完善术前准备:(1)术前抗凝药物替代治疗,停用华法林以那屈肝素钙替代治疗;(2)动态监测血气;(3)动态监测凝血功能,术前调整INR目标值<1.5。完善肺通气灌注扫描。术前做血栓弹力图检测凝血功能。复查下肢血管超声;(4)由于患者无法配合,未做肺功能检查。
 
核素肺通气-灌注显像提示:(1)双肺多发血流灌注减低区(右肺上、中、下叶及左肺舌段,左肺下叶外基底段),以右肺下叶为著,肺栓塞可能性大。(2)肺动脉高压(轻度)。复查下肢血管超声显示:右侧小腿肌静脉陈旧性血栓并钙化;左侧小腿肌静脉内径增宽伴血栓形成(完全填充型);右侧腘动脉粥样硬化斑块形成。
 
血栓弹力图检测报告结果显示:凝血功能正常。动态动脉血气分析(共3次):会诊后动脉血氧分压(PaO2)62mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)(FiO2=21%),动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)34mmHg,动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)93.4%;使用那曲肝素钙抗凝期间PaO2 58mmHg(FiO2=21%),PaCO2 38mmHg,SaO2 91.6%;术前1d血气分析:PaO2 78mmHg(FiO2=21%),PaCO2 35mmHg,SaO2 95.8%。动态监测凝血功能(共4次):入院时PT:15.4s,APTT:26.0s,D-Di:0.7mg/L,INR:1.35;抗凝替代治疗前PT:10.3s,APTT:21.9s,D-Di:0.65mg/L,INR:0.9;抗凝替代治疗后4dPT:9.8s,APTT:23.4s,D-Di:0.64mg/L,INR:0.86;术前1dPT:9.2s,APTT:21.4s,D-Di:0.37mg/L,INR:0.8。
 
患者入手术室,常规生命体征监测,HR95bpm,呼吸频率(RR)16bpm,脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)91%(FiO2=21%),局麻下行左侧桡动脉穿刺测压,动脉血压(ABP)157/86mmHg,麻醉诱导前血气分析:PH7.47,PaO2 56mmHg(FiO2=21%),PaCO2 36mmHg,SaO2 91.3%,红细胞压积(Hct)44%,THbc152g/L。麻醉诱导给予咪达唑仑2mg,芬太尼0.15mg,依托咪酯14mg,罗库溴铵50mg行气管插管。
 
麻醉维持:采用丙泊酚48mg/(kg·h)+瑞芬太尼0.10.3μg/(kg·min)全凭静脉麻醉维持,术中采用羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化钠注射液适当进行血液稀释。术中维持血流动力学平稳。手术历时4h,入量4475mL,其中晶体液3000mL,胶体液1000mL,抗生素225mL,复方甘露醇注射液250mL,失血量300mL,尿量3200mL。手术结束时动脉血气分析:PH7.43,PaO2 219mmHg(FiO2 60%),PaCO2 38mmHg,SaO2 100%,Hct34%,THbc120g/L。术后10min患者清醒,自主呼吸恢复良好,拔除气管导管,出室前ABP138/77mmHg,HR96bpm,RR17bpm,SpO2 100%。术后第5天给予那曲肝素钙抗凝0.4mL皮下注射,2次/d。术后第7天停用那曲肝素钙,恢复口服华法林。第9天出院,无胸痛、呼吸困难、低氧等症状。
 
原始出处:

李岩,张久祥,白晓光.肺栓塞患者行大脑镰旁脑膜瘤切除术麻醉管理1例[J].麻醉安全与质控,2018,2(02):91-93.

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