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失效无水乙醇致三叉神经痛治疗失败1例

2019-11-22 刘昕 陈凤琴 成信之 中国疼痛医学杂志

病人,女,71岁,因“右侧面部疼痛十数年,加重1周”入院,明确诊断为“右原发性三叉神经痛第2支”,行三叉神经半月节射频热凝术后疼痛明显缓解、强度减轻、发作次数减少、区域缩小。

无水乙醇作为神经破坏药物广泛应用于三叉神经痛治疗,其主要用于三叉神经周围分支的毁损。因无水乙醇化学性质稳定,长期使用已成为临床经验共识,而根据国家质检总局GB/T678-2002,无水乙醇作为化学试剂并不标明保质期,因此无水乙醇的失效问题常被大家忽略。本文报道了1例失效无水乙醇致三叉神经痛治疗失败的病例,探讨失败原因,总结经验教训,为我们相关临床工作提供指导。
 
1.一般资料
 
病人,女,71岁,因“右侧面部疼痛十数年,加重1周”入院,明确诊断为“右原发性三叉神经痛第2支”,行三叉神经半月节射频热凝术后疼痛明显缓解、强度减轻、发作次数减少、区域缩小。
 
为处理遗留症状,由科室副主任医师在神经刺激仪引导下行眶下神经及上颌神经无水乙醇毁损术,术中神经定位准确,眶下神经穿刺点注入2%利多卡因0.5ml、上颌神经穿刺点注入2%利多卡因1ml后疼痛显著减轻,麻木感较前显著增加,观察无不良反应,眶下神经穿刺点注入无水乙醇(批号20141128,国药集团化学试剂有限公司)0.5ml、上颌神经穿刺点注入无水乙醇1ml(上述无水乙醇使用时根据临床用药“三查七对”原则,确认使用前制剂无变质、浑浊,内外两层封口无松动、脱落),术毕拔针、固定针眼,病人安返病房。
 
第2日早查房,病人诉疼痛无改善,查体:面部无显著肿胀,触痛(-)。当日由科室另一高年资主治医师操作、前一日副主任医师作为助手,再次行眶下神经及上颌神经无水乙醇毁损术,操作同前次。第3日病人仍诉疼痛情况同前,无改善,查体同前一日。第4日由科主任(主任医师)操作,行上颌神经乙醇毁损术,操作依照规范、具体过程同前两次,因未能申领到新的无水乙醇,本次治疗使用75%乙醇注射(名德牌75%乙醇消毒液,批号170802,德州名德消毒科技有限公司)用量1ml。
 
第5日病人疼痛显著缓解,视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分2~4分,发作次数显著减少,查体:眶下部、鼻翼外侧肿胀(+)。第7日再行75%乙醇眶下神经毁损术后,疼痛进一步好转,遗留症状轻微,查体:眶下部、鼻翼外侧肿胀(++),病人满意出院,2周后随访病人恢复良好,局部肿胀消失、疼痛消失。
 
2.讨论
 
乙醇神经破坏作用是通过脱水萃取出胆固醇、磷酯、脑苷酯和黏蛋白,作用于神经纤维节和髓磷脂鞘,产生脱髓鞘作用。能产生满意的治疗效果且无显著局部麻痹或瘫痪的乙醇最低浓度为33%,48%~100%的乙醇可产生不完全的暂时性、进行性或持久性运动麻痹;95%以上的乙醇可阻滞各种神经纤维。乙醇化学性质非常稳定,在避光、通风处可以长期保存,在无催化剂情况下,极不易与其他物质发生反应,但无水乙醇对水有很强的亲和力,可以迅速从空气中吸收水分。
 
无水乙醇并非100%纯乙醇,在制备之初就混杂有<0.3%的甲醇、水分、异丙醇等杂质,这些杂质也可能是导致无水乙醇变质的重要因素。本病例最终使用75%的乙醇达到理想治疗效果,也可佐证之前使用的“无水乙醇”因长期反复抽吸使用、暴露在空气中而变质,有效浓度已远远低于预期。该病例使用的无水乙醇原装500ml,至本病人使用时已遗留不足200ml,近1年时间内一直作为科室神经毁损药使用,使用时皆严格根据临床用药“三查七对”原则,确认使用前药剂无变质、浑浊,内外两层封口无松动、脱落,使用过程中严格按照操作规范使用无菌注射器抽吸后迅速封闭瓶口,操作过程符合规范。但经科室人员回顾,近3周左右进行的无水乙醇眶上神经、眶下神经等各神经毁损治疗,也有效果欠佳者,因病情掩盖等因素一直未能暴露相应问题、引起足够重视。
 
综上推测,无水乙醇的变质失效是导致本病例前两次治疗失败的主要原因。乙醇可以引起显著的周围组织损伤,包括以广泛嗜酸性染色为特征的凝血性坏死、完全性轴突缺失、髓鞘变性和出现朗飞结及施万细胞结节等,在临床上表现为注射部位的显著肿胀。本病例前两次治疗都没有出现注射部位周围肿胀,不同于既往无水乙醇神经毁损后局部显著肿胀的临床表现,是我们找到问题所在的主要提示。这也可以作为神经毁损治疗所使用无水乙醇制剂合格、有效的一个佐证。综上所述,严格依照规范保存药物、制剂,加强药物化学相关知识学习,增强风险意识防范,促进医疗行为安全有效。
 
原始出处:

刘昕,陈凤琴,成信之,韩梦婷,吴海生,李昌熙.失效无水乙醇致三叉神经痛治疗失败1例[J].中国疼痛医学杂志,2018,24(12):956-957.

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    2019-11-24 贵阳
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