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Immunity:RIPK1与RIPK3介导细胞炎症反应机制

2016-07-20 佚名 生物谷

RIPK1与RIPK3是同源的两类丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,它们是介导细胞坏死性凋亡的关键元件。此外,一系列天然免疫受体,例如TNFR1、IFNR以及TLR等等的激活也会引起RIPK1与RIPK3的激活。有研究表明这些刺激能够在体外条件下引起细胞的坏死性凋亡,而caspase 8,细胞凋亡的关键分子,能够抑制这一过程的发生。大量研究证明TNF-a的刺激能够引发细胞坏死性凋亡,其中RIPK3的激活具有关键

RIPK1与RIPK3是同源的两类丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,它们是介导细胞坏死性凋亡的关键元件。此外,一系列天然免疫受体,例如TNFR1、IFNR以及TLR等等的激活也会引起RIPK1与RIPK3的激活。有研究表明这些刺激能够在体外条件下引起细胞的坏死性凋亡,而caspase 8,细胞凋亡的关键分子,能够抑制这一过程的发生。大量研究证明TNF-a的刺激能够引发细胞坏死性凋亡,其中RIPK3的激活具有关键的作用。RIPK3能够与RIPK1结合形成“坏死性小体”这一结构能够导致下游MLKL的激活,后者是细胞裂解与坏死的关键调节因子。

与RIPK1、RIPK3引发的细胞死亡信号通路不同,目前有一些研究也表明两类激酶能够直接促进炎症信号的激活。在巨噬细胞中,天然免疫受体TLR3与TLR4激活后,如果有Z-vad(caspase激酶抑制剂)的存在,那么RIPK1、RIPK3以及MLKL的活性将得到释放。对于天然免疫信号来说,TLR4受到LPS刺激引起的炎性基因的表达是重要的组成部分。而由于RIPK1、RIPK3引起促炎性效应与致死效应本身难以分离,因此促炎性效应同样值得研究。

针对这一问题,来自美国tufts大学的Alexei Degterev课题组进行了深入研究,相关结果发表在最近一期的《Immunity》杂志上。

首先,作者对小鼠的BMDM进行刺激,在此基础上通过Z-VAD抑制了caspase激酶的活性。通过检测,作者发现这一处理能够有效激活RIPK1与RIPK3的活性。而两类激酶的激活能够引发下游多种炎性基因的表达。此外,作者同样检测到了细胞坏死性凋亡的发生。

由于TLR4的二聚化能够招募胞内的TRIF以及MyD88,从而启动下游的信号。Trif本身能够与RIPK1以及RIPK3结合。为了研究两类激酶引发的炎性基因的表达是否需要依赖Trif的参与,作者分别使用Pam3CSK4(只招募MyD88)以及poly(I:C)(只招募Trif)进行刺激。结果显示:caspase的抑制讷讷够提高LPS以及Poly(I:c)引起的细胞因子的释放,然而Pam3CSK4的刺激却没有上述效应。这一结果表明RIPK1与RIPK3特异性的依赖Trif结合蛋白。

进一步,作者抑制了MLKL的活性,使得RIPK激酶激活后引发的细胞坏死性凋亡通路阻断。结果表明,MLKL活性的抑制并不会阻断促炎性因子的表达。这一结果表明RIPK激酶引发的促炎性反应并不依赖细胞坏死信号通路。之后,作者证明了NF-kB参与了RIPK激酶引发的促炎性因子的表达。

最后,作者通过体内试验证明LPS引起的促炎性反应需要RIPK1以及RIPK3的存在,但并不依赖MLKL蛋白。

原始出处

Malek Najjar, Danish Saleh, Matija Zelic, Shoko Nogusa, Saumil Shah, Albert Tai, Joshua N. Finger, Apostolos Polykratis, Peter J. Gough, John Bertin, Michael J. Whalen, Manolis Pasparakis, Siddharth Balachandran, Michelle Kelliher, Alexander Poltorak, Alexei Degterev.RIPK1 and RIPK3 Kinases Promote Cell-Death-Independent Inflammation by Toll-like Receptor 4.Immunity.2016

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