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病例分析丨局部晚期直肠癌治疗,如何很大程度提高pCR率?

2018-07-16 杜丰 医学界肿瘤频道

47岁女性,大便带血2月,肠镜示距肛门口5cm蕈伞状肿物,部分阻塞肠管。病理示中分化腺癌,微卫星状态稳定。盆腔CT及MRI见直肠周围脂肪间隙小淋巴结,肿瘤侵及直肠周围脂肪,未累及周围筋膜。

病例展示

47岁女性,大便带血2月,肠镜示距肛门口5cm蕈伞状肿物,部分阻塞肠管。病理示中分化腺癌,微卫星状态稳定。盆腔CT及MRI见直肠周围脂肪间隙小淋巴结,肿瘤侵及直肠周围脂肪,未累及周围筋膜。

II-III期直肠癌,现有标准治疗为3联方案:术前同步放化疗(CRT)+手术+辅助化疗。多项研究证实术前CRT在局部控制率、保肛率方面优于术后CRT。

pCR的意义

病理完全缓解(pCR)患者预后很好,局部控制率和总生存率很高,5年生存率可达到95%以上。近年提出,经严格评估预测可获得pCR的患者,甚至可以不进行手术,采取等待观察策略(Watch-and-Wait),避免手术对生活质量的损害,也规避术后并发症风险。

预测可能获得pCR的患者,目前仍具有挑战性。首先要有精确预测pCR的技术路线,其次需要患者的高度配合理解。高质量多学科团队的共同协作,包括内镜、影像、内科、外科、放疗等多专业医生的参与必不可少。同时需要经验的逐渐积累,以及与患者充分沟通。

围绕提高pCR率,近年展开了各种尝试。总结有以下方法:

(1) 延长CRT与手术的间隔期;

(2)采用TNT策略(Total Neoadjuvant Therapy),在 手术前给予全身化疗 ;

(3)CRT中联合更强的化疗药物。



CRT与手术的间隔时间

两者间更长的间隔时间能带来更高的pCR率。原因在于CRT疗效的延后性:结束CRT后,放射线对肿瘤细胞有持续杀伤作用。

Lyon研究中,相比间隔2周,延长间隔时间到6-8周显著提高了pCR率(26% vs.10%)。一项META分析同样支持更长的间隔时间带来更高的pCR率(大于6-8周 19.5% vs. 小于6-8周 13.7%)。

间隔时间超过8周需谨慎。过于延迟手术并不能增加pCR率,反而增加盆腔纤维化和术后并发症[4]。如图,间隔11周手术和间隔7周的患者相比,pCR率无明显差别。但术后并发症却明显增加(32.8% v 19.2),直肠系膜完整切除率明显下降(78.7% v 90%)



TNT策略的应用

TNT策略,是指把所有新辅助治疗方法用在手术前,包括CRT和化疗,术后不再给予辅助治疗。这一策略理论上能够获得最大化的局部疗效,降低远处转移风险,患者耐受性也比术后辅助化疗高。

一项2期研究在此方面进行了探索。如下图,四组患者间隔期逐渐拉长,同时组2,3,4患者间隔期化疗周期数逐渐增加。



结果显示:最长间隔期+最多化疗周期=最高pCR率。当然这一结果还需在3期随机临床研究中验证。



提前化疗的介入时机,采用诱导化疗-CRT-手术的顺序,是另一种TNT方案。这样治疗的患者,27%获得pCR,近一半患者肿瘤缩小超过90%。

MSKCC正在开展一项研究比较两种TNT治疗方案的有效性,同时评估根据内镜、MRI和临床判断为完全缓解的患者,采用非手术治疗的疗效。



CRT中使用联合化疗

目前CRT中化疗常用的是5-FU类单药。多项研究尝试在其基础上加用奥沙利铂,期望提高pCR。

结果并不尽如人意,CRT中应用5-FU+奥沙利铂的方案增加了毒性,却没有提高pCR率,也没有提高保肛率(SSS,sphincter-saving surgery)和手术降期率(SD,surgical downstaging)。



另一项研究中,延长了随访时间,主要终点改为3年无病生存期,最终取得阳性结果,联合方案组75.9%,显著优于单药组71.2%。但主要终点的更改似乎远离了提高pCR率的初衷。


其他尝试

短程放疗:RAPIDO研究探索短程放疗(5GyX5次)后,序贯XELOX化疗和手术。短程放疗与手术之间的间隔通常是1周。Stockholm III研究探索短程放疗后4-8周再手术的效果似乎优于间隔1周(pCR率:11.8% v 1.7%)。

单纯新辅助化疗:正在入组的PROSPECT研究探索对于新辅助FOLFOX方案反应良好的患者,能否去掉放疗。

治疗建议

根据TNT策略:当患者没有巨大肿块、没有N2及以上淋巴结转移,没有出现严重肿瘤相关症状时,可采用 CRT-间隔期FOLFOX-全系膜切除术;

当患者有明显梗阻、直肠出血或广泛盆腔淋巴结转移时,可选择诱导FOLFOX化疗-同步放化疗-全系膜切除术。这类患者在诱导化疗后,能获得迅速的症状缓解,能更好耐受同步放化疗。接受TNT治疗的患者可不再接受术后辅助化疗。

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    2019-06-06 zhyy88
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    2018-07-18 chg122
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    2018-07-18 Tommy1950
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    2018-07-17 虈亣靌

    优质资源.共同学习

    0

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    2018-07-16 胡一

    还是没有讲透如何提高的可行性办法啊

    0

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2018年3月21日,第11届欧洲乳腺癌大会(EBCC-11)于西班牙巴塞罗那举行。会议第二天上午,来自荷兰、意大利等国家的讲者分别对乳腺癌寡转移病灶的生物学特性、局部治疗价值、颅内外寡转移灶的局部处理方式进行了系统梳理,现将报告精要整理如下。

JAMA Oncol: Durvalumab在局部晚期或转移性尿路上皮癌中疗效如何?

一项1/2期开放研究的中期结果表明,铂治疗后局部晚期/转移性尿路上皮癌患者中,durvalumab具有良好的耐受性和抗肿瘤活性,这促成了durvalumab在美国的获批。然而,更长期的结果如何?伦敦大学玛丽皇后学院Barts癌症研究所癌症实验医学中心的Thomas Powles博士更新这一研究结果。8月17日,《JAMA Oncology》在线刊登。

ESMO Asia:PACIFIC研究:Durvalumab显著延长局部晚期NSCLC的PFS

2017年11月17日,2017年ESMO Asia会议在新加坡隆重举行,多项重磅研究在本次大会上公布。PACIFIC研究在2017年ESMO大会上重磅发布,引发了免疫治疗的一场海啸。在无法手术切除的局部晚期(III期)非小细胞肺癌患者,在接受标准含铂的同步放化疗 (CRT) 后,未发生疾病进展患者中,Durvalumab维持治疗对比安慰剂,可以显着延长患者PFS 达11个月,Durvalumab

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