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复杂肱骨远端骨折:基于“平行钢板技术”的内固定方法

2022-09-16 骨科青年 骨科青年

严重粉碎、伴有骨缺损和骨量减少的肱骨远端骨折,复位固定难度大,术后功能不满意风险高。

严重粉碎、伴有骨缺损和骨量减少的肱骨远端骨折,复位固定难度大,术后功能不满意风险高。为了有效固定此类型骨折,国外学者提出了一种基于“平行钢板技术”的肱骨远端固定方法,取得了良好效果。该技术满足以下2个原则:

  • 远端骨块固定的最大化;

  • 远端骨块的螺钉固定,需有利于近端髁的稳定性。

该技术的实现,主要是通过2块平行放置的钢板与钢板远端的6枚螺钉,通过在肱骨髁间形成螺钉交叉稳定结构,关闭肱骨远端“拱形”结构,多枚螺钉紧密交叉,与骨块一起形成稳定的“混凝土”结构。该技术实现需要5个步骤。

Step 1:关节面复位。

先解剖复位旋转的关节面骨块,通过0.9-1.1mm的克氏针临时固定。注意将克氏针固定与软骨下骨水平,并避免影响后续钢板放置。

Step 2:钢板放置与临时固定。

将内、外侧预成型钢板放置并固定于肱骨远端。将钢板孔从远端至近端编号。通过内外侧钢板的2号孔置入2mm或2.5 mm克氏针,以维持钢板与远端骨折的临时固定。此后,在钢板的5号滑动孔中置入一枚螺钉,无需拧紧,以便在加压过程中为钢板留出移动空间。

Step 3:固定关节面。

先通过外侧钢板1号孔置入一枚螺钉,该螺钉尽可能穿过远端关节骨块,拧紧螺钉。后通过内侧钢板3号孔置入螺钉。螺钉的直径,年轻患者可选用3.5 mm皮质骨螺钉,在骨量较少患者使用2.7 mm直径螺钉。螺钉应尽可能长,并穿过尽可能多的骨折块。

Step 4A:髁上加压。

使用复位钳在肱骨髁上水平提供骨折块间的加压,首先固定外侧柱。在外侧钢板4号孔中置入一颗螺钉,动态加压。将其拧紧可进一步加强髁上水平的骨块间的加压)。

Step 4B:内侧柱加压固定。

在对外侧钢板螺钉规定后。以相同方法使用大复位钳对内侧柱进行加压,并在螺钉动态加压置入内侧钢板。如果钢板不服贴,可用大骨夹将其压在干骺端上,进一步对髁上进行加压。

Step 5:最终固定。

移除克氏针,置入剩余螺钉。

病例:

一例严重低位的肱骨髁骨折,采用上述固定原则,平行钢板固定,内固定良好。

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    2022-09-07 shalley68
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