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Genetics:研究发现延缓卵子衰老的关键

2019-09-15 顾露露 生物探索

女人的一生大概只会有400-500个卵泡发育成熟并排卵。随着女性年龄增大,卵子数量不断消耗,受其他生育因素影响,卵子质量水平也在不断下降。受孕成功率(胚胎的种植率)与生理年龄呈负相关。

女人的一生大概只会有400-500个卵泡发育成熟并排卵。随着女性年龄增大,卵子数量不断消耗,受其他生育因素影响,卵子质量水平也在不断下降。受孕成功率(胚胎的种植率)与生理年龄呈负相关。

如果有一个暂停键,女性就可以按下暂停她们生育能力的生物钟。也就是说,如果有一种方法可以在不降低卵子质量的前提下延缓卵子的衰老,那会怎样呢?


秀丽隐杆线虫的卵成熟。图片来源:希伯来大学

近日,耶路撒冷希伯来大学(HUJI)遗传学部门的研究人员在秀丽隐杆线虫身上发现了这种开关。他们希望这一突破能帮助女性延长生育期,并在三四十岁时保持高质量的卵子。


Hanna Achache和Yonatan Tzur 图片来源:希伯来大学

Yonatan Tzur博士和同事Hanna Achache博士以及哈佛医学院的科学家们,研究了秀丽隐杆线虫卵的成熟过程,并将他们的研究成果发表在了《Genetics》杂志上。秀丽隐杆线虫虽然很小,但在帮助科学家了解人类遗传学方面却发挥了不可思议的作用。这些秀丽隐杆线虫含有与人类相同数量的基因,而且它们的卵在一天内就成熟了。

Tzur和他的团队监测了秀丽隐杆线虫在卵子形成过程中20000个基因的变化,并能够精确地找到一个控制卵子成熟节奏的基因——ogr-2。研究小组进一步研究了MAP激酶(MAPK),这种“开关”可以开启和关闭卵子发育。当他们用CRISPR基因编辑技术去除ogr-2基因时,MAPK进入了超速运转状态,秀丽隐杆线虫的卵子很快老化。“我们通过将该基因从秀丽隐杆线虫的基因序列中移除来测试该基因的作用。很快,这些‘编辑过的’秀丽隐杆线虫变得不那么多产,它们的卵更像那些更老的秀丽隐杆线虫的。”Tzur分享道。

这些发现意义重大,因为衰老的卵细胞是导致出生缺陷、流产和不育的主要原因。随着人类年龄的增长,卵子会出现异常。虽然体外受精(IVF)可以让医生选择最好的卵子,但35岁以上的女性更难用自己的卵子生出健康的婴儿,而对于42岁以上的女性,这种可能性几乎为零。这些统计数据,加上西方国家首次生育女性的平均年龄急剧增长,意味着找到延缓卵子成熟的关键至关重要,并促使Tzur等科学家发现了控制卵巢发育和卵母细胞衰老的机制。

尽管这项研究仍处于早期阶段,但Tzur认为他的发现未来会有两种可能的应用:一种是通过食品添加剂温和地增加女孩体内的ogr-2,这可能会让女孩保持高质量的卵子,直到她们准备好使用它们。另一种方法是在体外受精周期抑制MAPK。这将帮助年龄较大的卵子完成发育,并提高女性随着年龄增长而拥有健康宝宝的几率。

所以,正如我国著名生殖生育学专家、中国工程院院士、北京大学第三医院院长乔杰所说,生个健康宝宝,最重要的还是适龄婚育,25-28岁是女性生育的黄金年龄。

另外,女性的生育能力有生物钟,那么男性有吗?事实证明,男性也有。研究证明,精子数量可能随年龄增长而降低。虽然男性60岁仍然可以生育孩子,但是生育的孩子更容易患上自闭症和精神分裂症等疾病。

原始出处:Hanna Achache, Lévana Laurent, Ya?l Hecker-Mimoun, et al. Progression of Meiosis Is Coordinated by the Level and Location of MAPK Activation Via OGR-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. May 1, 2019

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    2019-09-16 cy0324
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    2020-03-30 huperzia
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    2020-06-17 canlab
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    2019-09-16 zlawrance
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    2019-09-15 schorr

    ogf-2、MAPK、卵子生育力

    0

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