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NAT CHEM BIOL:科学家发现新的细菌通讯“语言”

2013-07-22 NAT CHEM BIOL bio360

发光杆菌显微镜图像。标为红色的细胞产生聚集因子 自然界中,细菌并不独居,而是和其它细菌形成群体生活。它们通过化学过程相互沟通,不仅能感应到其它细菌群体的存在,甚至彼此能建立合作网络。慕尼黑大学的研究人员对一种以前未知的细菌通信方式首次做出了解释,研究结果对医药研究有积极的推动。 慕尼黑大学的微生物学家黑尔曼(Ralf Heermann)博士和法兰克福歌德大学波德(Helge Bode)教授


发光杆菌显微镜图像。标为红色的细胞产生聚集因子

自然界中,细菌并不独居,而是和其它细菌形成群体生活。它们通过化学过程相互沟通,不仅能感应到其它细菌群体的存在,甚至彼此能建立合作网络。慕尼黑大学的研究人员对一种以前未知的细菌通信方式首次做出了解释,研究结果对医药研究有积极的推动。

慕尼黑大学的微生物学家黑尔曼(Ralf Heermann)博士和法兰克福歌德大学波德(Helge Bode)教授合作,发现了一种以前未知的细菌通讯“语言”。

不同的细菌有不同的沟通方式。到目前为止得到较深入研究的细菌通信系统是使用N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acylhomoserine lactones)类信号分子。这些信号分子由鲁西族合酶(LuxI-family synthases)组中的酶产生。发送信息的细菌细胞分泌出信号,相邻细胞通过LuxR蛋白型受体识别浓度,信号感知功能使接收细胞改变基因表达模式,这导致细胞的功能特性或行为发生改变。但是,很多细菌具有LuxR蛋白受体但缺乏鲁西蛋白受体,因此,不能产生信号分子。这些受体被称为LuxR蛋白独体。

新类信号分子

黑尔曼和波德现在已经发现一种能够结合LuxR蛋白独体的配体。他们选择发光杆菌(Photorhabdus luminescens)作为研究模型系统,这是一种对昆虫致命的致病细菌。

细菌通过化学过程沟通。慕尼黑大学的微生物学家黑尔曼(Ralf Heermann)博士和法兰克福歌德大学波德(Helge Bode)教授已经发现了一种新的细菌细胞与细胞间的通信系统,采用α-吡喃酮作为信号。吡喃酮由合酶PpyS产生,由LuxR独体受体PluR接收。

波德说,“我们已经发现了一种新的细菌信号分子,由一种前所未知的生化途径产生。”事实证明,这种细菌的LuxR蛋白独体响应称为α-吡喃酮的化合物,特别是对照片吡喃酮(photopyrones)作出响应。此外,研究人员已经识别出合成照片吡喃酮的催化物吡喃酮合酶(PpyS)。吡喃酮信令系统使细菌相互感应,从而产生导致细胞聚集的表面因子。黑尔曼和波德认为集体行为使得细菌细胞得以对抗昆虫的先天免疫系统,并允许它们生产各种毒素杀死昆虫。黑尔曼说,“发光杆菌是一个非常有用的有机物模型,因为它与许多人类病原体有关,包括肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)和鼠疫菌。”

推动医药研究

新的研究结果引起医学界的极大兴趣,因为细菌病原体的通信系统对开发抗菌药物提供了方向。干扰细菌“聊天”的药剂可以抑制毒素的产生或防止生物膜的形成,这些药物只防止病原性状的表达,而不是像抗生素一样杀死细菌,抗药物性的危险将被极大地削弱。

黑尔曼说:“我们的研究结果表明,细菌之间的沟通比以前想像的要复杂得多。”研究结果发表在最新一期《自然化学生物学(Nature Chemical Biology)》杂志上。

Brachmann AO, Brameyer S, Kresovic D, Hitkova I, Kopp Y, Manske C, Schubert K, Bode HB, Heermann R.Pyrones as bacterial signaling molecules.Nat Chem Biol. 2013 Jul 14. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1295.

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    2013-12-07 sunylz
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    2014-03-28 liye789132251
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    2013-07-24 yangjxjc

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最近被定性的“先天淋巴细胞”(ILCs) 在功能上可被划分成三类。第一类的ILCs 产生干扰素-γ;第二类的ILCs 表达白介素-5、白介素-13和双调蛋白;第三类的ILCs 产生白介素-17A和白介素-22。ILCs在适应性免疫存在时的功能及它们影响适应性免疫细胞反应的潜力在很大程度上是不知道的。现在用小鼠所做的一项研究显示,第三类的ILCs处理和呈现抗原,并通过一个依赖于“MHC-class-

PNAS:消化道细菌A. muciniphila或可用于预防肥胖

日前,比利时与荷兰的研究发现,消化道细菌Akkermansia muciniphila可能在维持消化道粘膜屏障和防止肥胖相关代谢疾病方面起到了一个关键的作用。研究人员发现,生活在消化道的营养丰富的粘液层的主要的细菌A. muciniphila的丰富程度在肥胖和II型糖尿病小鼠体内减少了。研究人员还观察到了,让这些小鼠服用低聚果糖益生元(oligofructose prebiotics)能恢复A.

Nat Commun:胃肠道细菌变化可阻止中风发生

2012年12月06日--来自瑞典查尔姆斯理工大学和哥德堡大学的研究人员证实人肠道菌群变化与表现出症状的动脉粥样硬化和中风相关联。这些研究发现于近期发表在Nature Communications期刊上。 人体含有的细菌细胞数量是人细胞的10倍多,其中大多数细菌细胞是在人肠道中发现的。除了我们的宿主基因组外,这些细菌含有大量的基因,它们一起被称作肠道宏基因组(gut metagenome)。

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