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新冠竟能“伤脑”?耶鲁科学家找到SARS-CoV-2损害神经系统新证据

2022-01-23 生物探索 网络

本文的数据强调,即便是轻微的呼吸道SARS-CoV-2感染,也会导致大脑中严重的多细胞失调,这为新冠肺炎导致神经系统功能障碍增添了有力证据。

神经症状是新冠病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染相对常见的后遗症,约四分之一的新冠肺炎(COVID-19)幸存者存在持续认知障碍。通常,这种障碍更多出现在需要住院治疗的重症COVID-19患者。但最近的数据表明,即使仅有轻度症状的患者,也可能出现持久的认知功能障碍综合征,如注意力、集中力、信息处理速度、记忆力和执行功能受损、焦虑、抑郁、睡眠紊乱和疲劳。鉴于SARS-CoV-2感染的规模,这种持续认知障碍综合征是一个重大的公共卫生危机。
 
2022年1月10日,预印本平台bioRxiv在线发布了题为“Mildrespiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause multi-lineage cellular dysregulationand myelin loss in the brain”的研究成果。来自耶鲁大学等机构的研究人员发现,轻度的COVID-19炎症反应即可导致神经毒性细胞因子、趋化因子的升高,并导致少突胶质细胞(负责髓鞘形成)和海马神经前体细胞的失调。
 

研究成果(图源:bioRxiv
 
该研究发现,与对照组小鼠相比,感染SARS-CoV-2的小鼠模型在呼吸道感染后7天和7周,血清和脑脊液(CSF)中的细胞因子谱显著升高。在感染后7天,升高的CSF细胞因子和趋化因子包括CXCL10、IL6、IFN-g、CCL7、CCL2、CCL11和BAFF等。其中,感染后7周CXCL10、CCL7和CCL11仍在升高。这些结果表明,SARS-CoV-2呼吸道感染导致CSF内细胞因子发生深刻变化。
 

感染后7天和7周的血清、CSF细胞因子分析(图源:bioRxiv
研究者还对轻症COVID-19小鼠模型与对照组小鼠中的小胶质细胞反应性进行了比较,发现在感染后7天和7周,皮质下白质的小胶质细胞反应性增加,而皮质灰质的小胶质细胞反应性没有增加。研究分析了9例SARS-CoV-2阳性患者病例,发现与小鼠模型中的现象相似,COVID-19患者(包括轻症COVID-19患者或无症状的SARS-CoV-2感染者)与未感染SARS-CoV-2的个体相比,皮质下白质CD68+小胶质细胞反应性明显升高,皮质灰质的小胶质细胞反应性则无显著改变。

轻度呼吸道感染SARS-CoV-2后小鼠白质小胶质细胞的活化(图源:bioRxiv
 

SARS-CoV-2感染后人白质小胶质细胞的反应性(图源:bioRxiv
此前已有文献报道,反应性小胶质细胞可以抑制海马新神经元的生成。基于此认识,研究者对轻度呼吸道感染SARS-CoV-2后的小鼠海马进行检测,发现在感染后7天,海马白质中的小胶质细胞反应性显著增强,并且这种反应至少会持续到感染后7周。不仅如此,感染后7天,细胞定量检测显示新神经元的生成明显减少,并持续至感染后至少7周,这与此前有关活性小胶质细胞可以抑制海马神经发生的报道是一致的。
 

感染后7天和7周小鼠齿状回的神经母细胞定量及代表性共聚焦显微图像(图源:bioRxiv
此外,炎症性细胞因子也可以直接抑制海马神经发生。本研究结果显示,CSF中 CCL11在感染后7天升高。对COVID的患者的样本分析发现,与那些长时间无认知障碍的新冠患者相比,有认知障碍的新冠患者血浆中CCL11水平显著升高。
 
研究者还在检测了轻度SARS-CoV-2呼吸道感染对少突胶质细胞系的影响,发现在感染后7天,少突胶质细胞前体细胞数量维持不变,但感染后7周数量明显减少。其中,成熟少突胶质细胞表现出更大程度的缺失。大约三分之一的少突胶质细胞在感染后7天出现缺失,而成熟少突胶质细胞的这种缺失持续到感染后至少7周。与上述少突胶质细胞的缺失相一致,电子显微镜超微结构分析显示髓鞘的缺失(注:髓鞘是轴突的绝缘外层结构,能减少横向电容,增加动作电位电导的速度,为轴突提供代谢支持)。
 

小鼠胼胝体髓轴突的定量变化及代表性的透射电子显微镜图像(图源:bioRxiv
 
本文的数据强调,即便是轻微的呼吸道SARS-CoV-2感染,也会导致大脑中严重的多细胞失调,这为新冠肺炎导致神经系统功能障碍增添了有力证据。

撰文|林立

排版|乔维钧

End

参考资料:

[1]Fernández-Castañeda A, Lu P, Geraghty AC, et al. Mild respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause multi-lineage cellular dysregulation and myelin loss in the brain. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2022 Jan 10:2022.01.07.475453.Doi: 10.1101/2022.01.07.475453. 

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    2022-04-05 hukaixun
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    2022-02-02 1207d69dm05暂无昵称

    学习学习

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    2022-01-27 小刀医生
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