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男女免疫系统基因运作不同

2015-08-03 诸平 科学网

斯坦福大学的研究据MedicalXpress网站2015年7月29日转载美国斯坦福大学医学中心(Stanford University Medical Center)的消息,该中心的研究人员发现,女性免疫系统基因运作不同于男性。下面图1是美国国家人类基因组研究所(National Human Genome Research Institute)提供的显示真核DNA片段中的编码分区,可见基因可以

斯坦福大学的研究

MedicalXpress网站2015年7月29日转载美国斯坦福大学医学中心(Stanford University Medical Center)的消息,该中心的研究人员发现,女性免疫系统基因运作不同于男性。下面图1是美国国家人类基因组研究所(National Human Genome Research Institute)提供的显示真核DNA片段中的编码分区,可见基因可以分为外显子(Exon)区域和内含子(Intron)区域。



FIG. 1 This image shows the coding region in a segment of eukaryotic DNA.
Credit: National Human Genome  Research Institute

研究人体庞大系统的新技术,其目的就在于揭示基因与免疫系统更频繁地切换有关联,而且虽然可能基因相同,但是在男女之间基因的运作并不相同。男女X染色体上的基因数量是相同的,只是剂量不同,因为女的有两条X染色体。据研究表明,女性两条X染色体,会有一条发生沉默表达,也就是说,只有一条X染色体起作用,所以男女最后的表达产物和剂量有差别,但相差不大。

一些基因几乎总是开启的,就像微波炉上面的计时钟一样;而另外一些基因则长期处于沉默,闲置多年也难得使用一次,家里买的有些东西,就是这样令人遗憾而很少使用的闲置品,塞进衣柜的后面,甚至被遗忘了。有少数基因开关打开和关闭,就像你最喜欢的一种手机应用软件一样。有一项新技术(newtechnology),可以使其研究活人体内调节基因开关的分子,因为这些分子对于维系生命至关重要。根据斯坦福大学医学院(Stanford University School of Medicine)的一项研究结果,此项新技术已经揭示了一些有趣的惊喜。

这些发现的其一就是基因开关究竟是开启还是关闭,因人而异,更可能是与自身免疫性疾病(autoimmune diseases)有关。另一个原因则是,男性和女性使用不同的开关来打开许多免疫系统基因。的确是太快了,简直难以令人置信。但不同的活性可以解释女性罹患自身免疫性疾病如硬皮病(scleroderma)、红斑狼疮(lupus)和类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis)的发生率要比男性高得多。这项研究的资深作者、皮肤科教授、医学博士Howard Y. Chang认为,“这成为可能的原因之一就是斯坦福大学发明的新技术——对基因组调控因子(regulatory elements)可达性的测量。” 这项被称之为ATAC-seq的新技术是由Howard Y. Chang博士领导的研究团队开发的,该技术可以使研究人员实时对活细胞进行采样,了解其在干什么。Howard Y. Chang博士说, “在过去,人们需要大量的细胞才能完成这种测量。为了得到某些罕见类型的细胞,可能真正需要一磅的肉来进行遴选。所以,对于一个大活人来讲,这是根本不可能的。当然,如果的确需要也不得超过一次。”

何为ATAC-seq?

所谓ATAC-seq是代表采用高通量测序法对易接近转座酶核染色质的化验(Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with highthroughput sequencing)。这是在分子生物学中用于研究染色质(复杂的DNA结构)的一种技术,此方法于2013年首次提出。详见Jason D Buenrostro,Paul G Giresi, Lisa C Zaba, Howard Y Chang, William J Greenleaf. Transpositionof native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of openchromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position. Nature Methods, 6 October2013, 10(12): 1213-1218. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2688.2015年元月,Howard Y. Chang等人在Current Protocols in Molecular Biology杂志发表论文,对于ATAC-seq作为一种全基因组核染色质可及性分析方法,也有专门论述,详见Jason D. Buenrostro, Beijing Wu, Howard Y. Chang, William J. Greenleaf. (January 2015). "ATAC-seq: A Method for Assaying Chromatin Accessibility Genome-Wide". Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. doi:10.1002/0471142727.mb2129s109.

检查对象的来源

研究人员对实验室日益增长的细胞,故他们有足够的细胞来进行相关研究。Howard Y. Chang说,“现在正在研究的仅仅是细胞副本的副本,根本不会接触到原细胞。几个月来实验室细胞的增长,完全改变了细胞的行为,所以研究者不再是关注某个特定人。实验室的细胞行为如何,与特定个体人吃什么无关联系,它们是否与已经感染了的细胞一起并肩战斗值得关注。”用实验室培养的、尚未经历过任何变化的细胞来进行研究,有可能会使单个基因的调控发生变化。

这项新的研究,2015年7月29日已经在《细胞体系》(Cell Systems)杂志发表,详见Kun Qu, Lisa C. Zaba, Paul G. Giresi, RuiLi, Michelle Longmire, Youn H. Kim, William J. Greenleaf,Howard Y. Chang. Individualityand Variation of Personal Regulomes in Primary Human T Cells. Cell Systems, 2015, Vol. 1, Issue 1, p51–61. Published in issue: July 29, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2015.06.003.用来自12个健康志愿者的普通血液样本,来测量某些基因是怎样被开启和关闭的,以及这种测量因人而异的情况又会怎样呢? Howard Y. Chang领导的研究团队也注视相同的志愿者,在不同的时间发生的改变究竟有多少。研究人员唯一关注的就是被称为T细胞的免疫细胞,T细胞很容易从标准血液测试中分离得到,方便志愿者供应,而且是免疫系统的一个重要组成部分。

关于T细胞及其应用研究

T细胞是淋巴细胞的主要组分,它具有多种生物学功能,如直接杀伤靶细胞,辅助或抑制B细胞产生抗体,对特异性抗原和促有丝分裂原的应答反应以及产生细胞因子等,是身体中为抵御疾病感染、肿瘤而形成的英勇斗士。T细胞产生的免疫应答是细胞免疫,细胞免疫的效应形式主要有两种:与靶细胞特异性结合,破坏靶细胞膜,直接杀伤靶细胞;另一种是释放淋巴因子,最终使免疫效应扩大和增强。

T细胞,是由胸腺内的淋巴干细胞分化而成,是淋巴细胞中数量最多,功能最复杂的一类细胞。按其功能可分为3个亚群:辅助性T细胞、抑制性T细胞和细胞毒性T细胞。它们的正常功能对人类抵御疾病非常重要。到目前为止,有关T细胞的演化以及它与癌症的研究取得了不少进展。特别是21世纪初人类开始的生命方舟计划对于T细胞的演化以及它与癌症的研究更是取得了突破性的进展。造血干细胞又称多能干细胞,是存在于造血组织中的一群原始造血细胞。其最大特点是能自身复制和分化,通常处于静止期,当机体需要时,分裂增殖,一部分分化为定向干细胞,受到一定激素刺激后,进一步分化为各系统的血细胞系。其中淋巴干细胞进一步分化有两条途径。一些干细胞迁移到胸腺内,在胸腺激素影响下,大量增殖分化成为成熟淋巴细胞的一个亚群,被称之为T淋巴细胞。

T淋巴细胞来源于骨髓的多能干细胞(胚胎期则来源于卵黄囊和肝)。在人体胚胎期和初生期,骨髓中的一部分多能干细胞或前T细胞迁移到胸腺内,在胸腺激素的诱导下分化成熟,成为具有免疫活性的T细胞。成熟的T细胞经血流分布至外周免疫器官的胸腺依赖区定居,并可经淋巴管、外周血和组织液等进行再循环,发挥细胞免疫及免疫调节等功能。T细胞的再循环有利于广泛接触进入体内的抗原物质,加强免疫应答,较长期保持免疫记忆。T细胞的细胞膜上有许多不同的标志,主要是表面抗原和表面受体。这些表面标志都是结合在细胞膜上的巨蛋白分子。

T细胞的“T”字,是采用“胸腺(thymus)”的第一个字母命名的。第二个细胞群在类似法氏囊的器官或组织内受激素作用,成熟并分化为淋巴细胞的另一个亚群,被称为B淋巴细胞。T细胞不产生抗体,而是直接起作用。所以T细胞的免疫作用叫作“细胞免疫”。B细胞是通过产生抗体起作用。抗体存在于体液里,所以B细胞的免疫作用叫作“体液免疫”。大多数抗原物质在刺激B细胞形成抗体过程中;需T细胞的协助。在某些情况下,T细胞亦有抑制B细胞的作用。如果抑制性T细胞因受感染、辐射、胸腺功能紊乱等因素的影响而功能降低时,B细胞因失去T细胞的控制而功能亢进,就可能产生大量自身抗体,并引起各种自身免疫病。例如系统性红斑狼疮,慢性活动性肝炎、类风湿性关节炎等。同样,在某些情况下,B细胞也可控制或增强T细胞的功能。由此可见,身体中各类免疫反应,不论是细胞免疫还是体液免液,共同构成了一个极为精细、复杂而完善的防卫体系。

2013年1月初,日本科学家首次培育出能够杀死癌细胞的T细胞。他们表示这一研究突破为直接将T细胞注入癌症患者体内,用以对抗癌症铺平了道路。实际上,人体可天然产生T细胞,但数量较少。成功培育T细胞让将这种细胞大量注入患者体内,以增强免疫系统成为一种可能。

为了培育这种细胞,他们首先对专门杀死一种确定癌细胞的T淋巴细胞进行“再编程”,使其变成另一种细胞,被称之为“诱导性多功能干细胞”,诱导性多功能干细胞随后发育成功能齐备的T淋巴细胞。诱导性多功能干细胞发育而成的T淋巴细胞未来可充当一种潜在的癌症治疗手段。

日本科学家将专门对抗一种皮肤癌的T淋巴细胞培育成诱导性多功能干细胞,方式是将这种淋巴细胞暴露在“山中因子”环境下。山中因子(やまなか‐いんし,Yamanaka factor)是一组化合物,能够让细胞退回到“非专业性”阶段。在实验室,研究人员将诱导性多功能干细胞变成T淋巴细胞。与最初的T淋巴细胞一样,此时的T淋巴细胞也专攻同样的皮肤癌。它们的基因构成与最初的T淋巴细胞相同,能够表达癌症特异性受体。研究发现这种新型T淋巴细胞非常活跃,可以产生一种抗癌化合物。

川本浩(Hiroshi Kawamoto)博士表示:“我们成功培育出具有特定抗原的T细胞,方式是培育诱导性多功能干细胞,而后让它们变成功能性T细胞。下一步工作是研究这些T细胞到底是具有选择性地杀死癌细胞还是连同其他细胞一起杀死。如果选择性杀死癌细胞,这些T细胞便可直接注入患者体内,用于对抗癌症。在不太遥远的将来,我们便可为癌症患者实施这种疗法。”研究发现刊登在《干细胞》(Stem Cell)杂志上——Raul Vizcardo, Kyoko Masuda, Daisuke Yamada, Tomokatsu Ikawa, Kanako Shimizu, Shin-ichiro Fujii, Haruhiko Koseki, Hiroshi Kawamoto. Regeneration of Human Tumor Antigen-Specific T Cells from iPSCs Derived from Mature CD8+ T Cells. Cell Stem Cell,Volume 12, Issue 1, 3 January2013, Pages 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2012.12.006.

Howard Y. Chang等人的基因调控研究

Howard Y. Chang等人2015年7月29日在《细胞体系》(Cell Systems)杂志发表的这项新研究,其目标之一就是建立一个衡量基准,在健康人群当中这种基因开关活性变化的有多少。这样,当其他研究人员对患病的病人采取类似措施时,他们会有一个究竟怎样才是正常的参照标准。另一个目标是改进测量标准血液样本基因活性的新技术。

Howard Y. Chang说:“我们对于直接探究活人基因调控非常感兴趣,而且着眼于不同个体之间基因调控的差异。我们质疑,‘人的差别或者相似究竟有多少?’当然,这种质疑不同于人人是否具有相同的基因。Howard Y. Chang认为,即使是同卵双胞胎,其中一个可能患有一种自身免疫性疾病,而另一个可能是完美健康的。实际上,该研究团队报道超过三分之一的基因活性变异并未与遗传差异相连接,表明对环境而言,其作用强大,不可低估。Howard Y. Chang说:“我想说绝大多数的基因区别很可能有一个清清楚楚的来源。”尽管在尚未得到证实之前这还仅仅是个猜想。

性别因素

纵观12名健康志愿者, 人与人之间基因的开启存在不同模式,有7%的人基因被开启。对于每个人而言,这些模式持续一段时间后,就像一种独特的指纹一样。Howard Y. Chang说:“但对于基因倾向于开启和关闭的单个最大预测器还是人的性别。就其重要性而言,性别远比我们看到的所有其他事情都更为重要,甚至比其组合还要重要。”当Howard Y. Chang的研究团队测量其基因活性水平最高的前500个基因中的30个时,研究人员预计将显示性别对基因活性的影响,他们发现这30个基因中有20个基因显示出男女之间,存在显著的基因活性差异。

Howard Y. Chang在美国斯坦福大学人体动态调节物组中心(Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes at Stanford University)进行指导研究,他们的目的就在于绘制调节物组图(map the"regulome"),即所有实时负责基因开启和关闭的整套调节物组(regulome)图。

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    2015-08-06 hlycom3356

    对目前研究提供了极大帮助

    0

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    2015-08-03 240612799

    我去

    0

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    2015-08-03 pine007

    好文

    0

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    2015-08-03 pine007

    好文

    0

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    2015-08-03 pine007

    好文

    0

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    2015-08-03 pine007

    好文

    0

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    2015-08-03 pine007

    好文

    0

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    2015-08-03 pine007

    好文

    0

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    2015-08-03 pine007

    好文

    0

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    2015-08-03 pine007

    好文

    0

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