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胸膜下线状影丨CT表现、诊断要点

2022-09-14 医学影像服务中心 熊猫放射

总体特征最佳诊断线索:平行于胸壁的胸膜下线发病部位:重力依赖,当患者改变体位时可消失大小:1-2mm厚的线,距肺边缘2-3mm形态学:线影远端的肺可透过度增强,远端肺也可不正常,形成带状影。

胸膜下线状影

Subpleural Linear Shadow

同义词:胸膜下线

影像表现

总体特征

  • 最佳诊断线索:平行于胸壁的胸膜下线

  • 发病部位:重力依赖,当患者改变体位时可消失

  • 大小:1-2mm厚的线,距肺边缘2-3mm

  • 形态学:线影远端的肺可透过度增强,远端肺也可不正常,形成带状影

CT表现

胸膜下线平行于胸壁

  • 位于距肺边缘2-3mm范围内

  • 上下范围可大于内外横向范围

  • 远端肺可透过度增高:提示小气道阻塞并远端空气潴留,远端肺可以随体位改变恢复正常密度

  • 远端肺可以为磨玻璃影,形成一条带状影而不是一条线影(称为坠积密度dependent density)

通常重力依赖

  • 变为俯卧位后消失

  • 纤维化不会消失

鉴别诊断

慢性嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎

  • 胸膜下线通常平行于胸壁

  • 外周的实变由外向内:外周实变的吸收的内缘最后消失

  • 上肺野常见,而非重力依赖

石棉沉着病

  • 胸膜下阴影最初被描写为早期石棉沉着病的典型的改变

  • 可能反映了石棉纤维在呼吸性细支气管内的沉积,引起小气道功能障碍

特发性肺纤维化

  • 通常胸膜下为主

  • 通常不是线影,蜂窝更常见

病理

总体特征

总体病理评述:最常见代表肺膨胀不全,但也可以代表纤维化

皮髓质肺

  • 出现在肺“皮质”和“髓质”连接处

  • 与大脑和肾相比,在肺内“皮质”和“髓质”无明确分界,除了血管大小不同

病因学

  • 可以反映闭合气量与解剖的联系:由于老化(弹性减低)或小气道病变均可造成气道塌陷,肺容量改变。

大体病理及外科特征

  • 肺边缘内2-3mm的位置是在次级肺小叶的小叶中央区的呼吸性细支气管的区域

临床表现

最常见体征/症状:通常无症状

年龄:随年龄增长发病率增高

自然病程及预后:可提示累及小气道的早期病变

诊断备忘

考虑:累及小气道的早期病变或正常老年人

横轴位HRCT示胸膜下曲线影与胸膜平行,位于下叶重力依赖区。注意线影远端的肺透亮区。

矢状位HRCT示胸膜下线的范围,位于背侧重力依赖区,线呈波浪状平行于胸膜走行。

左图:横轴位HRCT MIP示胸膜下线及远端肺气肿,注意肺血管止于胸膜下线。

中图:横轴位HRCT示胸膜下线,注意在有些层面线影不完整。

右图:横轴位HRCT示胸膜下线为波浪形,注意线影的外侧较内侧显示好。

鉴别诊断:胸膜下肺

(慢性嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎、特发性间质性肺炎、石棉肺)

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    2022-03-22 lifestar
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