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APASL乙型肝炎指南更新版解读

2015-06-10 佚名 国际肝病

我国HBV感染者总人口为9300万,其中需要治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者共计3000万,700万为急需治疗的严重活动性慢性乙型肝炎患者。因此,大量患者处于疾病进展高风险。过去十多年来,有效的抗病毒药物的上市,使得临床医生和慢性乙型肝炎患者共同进入到积极抗击HBV的时代,并在实践中证明了有效的抗HBV治疗可以降低疾病进展至肝硬化、肝细胞肝癌(HCC)的风险。核苷(酸)类似物(NA)和干扰素作为两大类被

我国HBV感染者总人口为9300万,其中需要治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者共计3000万,700万为急需治疗的严重活动性慢性乙型肝炎患者。因此,大量患者处于疾病进展高风险。过去十多年来,有效的抗病毒药物的上市,使得临床医生和慢性乙型肝炎患者共同进入到积极抗击HBV的时代,并在实践中证明了有效的抗HBV治疗可以降低疾病进展至肝硬化、肝细胞肝癌(HCC)的风险。核苷(酸)类似物(NA)和干扰素作为两大类被证明有效的抗HBV药物,各有优势,是各国际学会指南和我国慢性乙型肝炎指南推荐的治疗用药。

APASL指南推荐的治疗药物

APASL乙型肝炎指南(以下简称APASL指南)2015年更新版已经公布了初稿推荐意见。对于初治慢性乙型肝炎患者,APASL指南建议给予NA或PEG-IFN治疗,其中NA包括替诺福韦酯(TDF,300 mg/d)、恩替卡韦(ETV,0.5 mg/d)、替比夫定(LdT,600 mg/d)、阿德福韦酯(ADV,10 mg/d)、拉米夫定(LAM,100 mg/d)。

PEG-IFN的抗病毒效力较NA低,需要注射,不良反应较多,禁用于HBV相关的失代偿期肝硬化、自身免疫性疾病、未控制的重度抑郁或精神病患者及妊娠期患者;但是PEG-IFN有免疫调节作用,疗程固定,HBeAg血清学转换和HBsAg转阴率较NA高,适用于不想长期用药的患者。PEG-IFN治疗中,需要密切监测不良反应和治疗应答情况(HBV DNA、HBsAg和HBeAg水平),以及早调整治疗方案。

与PEG-IFN比较,NA类药物的抗病毒作用强,但是疗程不确定。与其他各大学会指南(EASL 2012年版,AASLD 2009年版)一样,APASL指南在NA药物中建议优先选择强效低耐药的ETV和TDF。在优先推荐药物不适用、不可获得等情况下,选择LdT、ADV和LAM。在中国ETV和TDF不可获得的主要原因为两药价格高,这就限制了很多患者无力承担治疗费用,特别是TDF在我国尚未进入医保目录,如果长期治疗必然带来巨大的经济压力。

LAM是几种NA中,价格最便宜的一种,但长期使用耐药率极高。ADV抗HBV作用弱,耐药率较高,具有突出的肾脏损伤风险。LdT是一种强效的HBV抑制剂,耐药屏障较低,但是有类似于干扰素的免疫调节作用,因此LdT在强效抑制HBV DNA基础上,可以实现较高的HBeAg血清学转换率,同时LdT为妊娠安全级别较高的药物(B级),并有肾脏保护作用。

国内外临床研究结果均提示,通过基线和早期病毒学应答进行疗效预测和优化治疗,可以提高NA疗效,并降低NA耐药风险。

APASL指南推荐的治疗目标、终点和停药原则

APASL指南更新版推荐意见提出了慢性乙型肝炎的两个治疗目标,即全球清除HBV的公共卫生目标和患者生活质量和生存率的改善,前一目标的实现途径包括疫苗接种、治疗和传播预防三方面,后一目标的实现则是通过治疗达到预防疾病进展至肝硬化、失代偿期肝硬化、终末期肝病、HCC和死亡。

同时,APASL指南提出了三级治疗终点:理想终点(ideal end-point:HBeAg阳性和阴性患者达到停药后持续的HBsAg转阴,有或无抗-HBs的血清学转换)、满意终点(satisfactory end point:HBeAg阳性和阴性患者达到停药后持续的病毒学应答,HBeAg阳性患者为抗-HBe血清学转换)和基本终点(the next most desirable end point:如果不能获得停药后的持续性应答,最可取的治疗终点为抗病毒治疗下持续的病毒学抑制--HBV DNA检测不到)。

NA抗病毒机制均为通过与HBV DNA聚合酶底物竞争以抑制DNA聚合酶,从而阻止HBV DNA复制,但是无法清除细胞核内的HBV复制模板cccDNA,因此需要长期治疗。但是,NA治疗也并非无限期治疗。APASL指南建议,HBeAg阳性患者最好在HBeAg血清学转换后,HBV DNA检测不到、ALT水平正常情况下,再继续治疗3年后可停药;HBeAg阴性患者在HBsAg转阴、抗-HBs血清学转换后或者HBsAg转阴后一定时期(至少12个月)可以考虑停药。

慢性乙型肝炎的初治策略

临床在制定治疗策略时,不仅要考虑现有药物抗病毒强弱、耐药率、不良反应、疾病严重度,还需考虑每一名患者可能能够达到的最佳治疗终点和患者期望达到的治疗目标,以及患者的经济承受能力。

基于上述APASL指南推荐的药物、各种药物的优劣性、可能实现的不同治疗终点,有三种不同的初治策略可供临床选择,具体如下:

(1)NA单药持续治疗:可接受长期治疗的患者,且不受长期治疗费用的限制,以长期抑制HBV DNA为目标,选用强效低耐药药物治疗。强效低耐药药物可以确保患者很好地控制HBV DNA的复制,实现持续病毒学抑制的基本终点。

(2)NA优化治疗:优化治疗是指在基线和治疗早期(24周)根据应答情况预测患者的远期疗效,并做出继续单药治疗或者加药或换药的治疗策略,此种方案综合考虑了药物的“临床疗效+安全性+经济性”。最早的优化治疗概念起源于LdT的全球临床试验(GLOBE研究),被称为“路线图”概念,该研究证明,结合基线特征及24周HBV DNA水平的LdT优化治疗方案104周,HBeAg血清学转换率达53.2%。我国侯金林教授牵头的“十一五”重大专项EFFORT研究则证明,LdT优化治疗方案可以显著降低耐药率至2.7%,并显著提高了病毒学应答率。NA优化治疗实现了针对每一个个体患者的个体化治疗方案,是对最佳疗效和低耐药的双重获益,在保证实现基本终点的同时,让更多患者可达到满意终点。

(3)干扰素治疗:干扰素治疗疗程为48周,注射用药,治疗中需要密切监测不良反应和应答情况。如果患者为年轻患者、ALT水平高、且不愿意长期治疗,能够接受注射治疗,并能坚持完成全部疗程者可以试用干扰素治疗,以实现有限疗程内的最佳疗效。

我国经济水平发展各地并不一致,尽管多种抗HBV药物已经进入我国医保,但是价格差距仍然较大,在选择治疗药物时,依然会受到经济负担的限制,仅有少部分患者能在初治时选择强效低耐药药物或PEG-IFN治疗,东西部地区差距显著。因此,既考虑经济承担能力,又可获得更佳的疗效,同时可降低耐药率发生,NA优化治疗不失为一种符合我国国情的慢性乙型肝炎初治治疗策略。

原文题目:初治慢性乙型肝炎治疗策略:APASL乙型肝炎指南更新版解读

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    2015-06-12 lq1771
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