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Nature:李进团队揭示RNA编辑是常见炎症性疾病遗传风险的基础

2022-08-11 王聪 “生物世界”公众号

RNA编辑蛋白ADAR介导的腺苷-肌苷(A→I)RNA编辑是防止细胞自身双链RNA(dsRNA)引发先天免疫干扰素应答的重要转录后事件,因遗传因素引起的双链RNA编辑水平降低是导致炎症性疾病遗传风险。

人类基因组计划(HGP)成功绘制了人类基因组图谱,人类也由此获得了属于自己的“自然天书”。然而,在随后的20年时间里,关于这本“天书”的解读却十分不易,直到现在,我们对人类基因组的表达模式仍缺乏足够的认识。

如今,全基因组关联研究(GWAS)已经发现了数十万种与性状和疾病病因有关的风险变异,数量性状基因座(QTL)研究成功地将GWAS变异与其分子机制联系起来。然而,其他转录后过程,如RNA编辑,在很大程度上仍未被探索,尽管它们在健康和疾病中的重要功能日益得到重视。

近日,美国斯坦福大学遗传系李进(Jin Billy Li)教授团队(李钦为第一作者)在 Nature 上发表了题为:RNA editing underlies genetic risk of common inflammatory diseases(RNA编辑揭示了常见炎症性疾病的遗传风险)的研究论文【1】。

该研究表明,RNA编辑蛋白ADAR介导的腺苷-肌苷(A→I)RNA编辑是防止细胞自身双链RNA(dsRNA)引发先天免疫干扰素应答的重要转录后事件,因遗传因素引起的双链RNA编辑水平的降低,是导致炎症性疾病遗传风险升高的重要因素。

先天性免疫系统是人体抗击病毒感染的先锋队,其中MDA5是细胞内的dsRNA监测器,可以感应病毒dsRNA,进而产生抗病毒所需的干扰素。但事实上,MDA5也可以识别内源性dsRNA,并引发自身免疫疾病。

腺苷脱氨酶(ADAR)是一种催化dsRNA的腺苷(A)脱氨基产生肌苷(I)的RNA编辑酶。正常情况下,ADAR会编辑宿主自身的dsRNA,防止被MDA5识别,从而避免引起不必要的自免疫反应。

早在2015年,李进教授团队就在 Science 发表论文【2】,揭示了ADAR基因缺陷小鼠在胚胎期13.5天死亡,并表现出由干扰素免疫应答导致的多器官炎症反应。如果把MDA5基因同时敲除,这些小鼠就能存活。

在这项最新研究中,研究团队利用GTEx项目的数据研究了来自838人的49种人体组织的基因组和RNA序列,分析了RNA编辑模式在个体之间的变化,以确定与RNA编辑相关的顺式遗传变异,这些变异被称为编辑数量性状位点(edQTLs)。

研究团队共鉴定了30319个对RNA编辑水平有顺式调控作用的edQTLs,其中近1/3具有组织特异性。他们发现,这些edQTLs的效应强弱与预估的ADAR结合强度显着相关,这表明遗传变异可以通过影响ADAR结合强度来改变RNA编辑水平。此外,RNA二级结构和RNA基序的变化也会改变RNA编辑水平

ADAR编辑内源性dsRNA,避免引起自身免疫反应

为了评估edQTLs导致的RNA编辑水平变化在在常见遗传疾病和性状中的潜在作用,研究团队对多项GWAS研究的数据进行了联合分析。研究结果表明,这些edQTLs在自身免疫病(例如银屑病、风湿性关节炎和系统性红斑狼疮)的GWAS信号中显着富集。此外,在一些非自身免疫病但与免疫功能有紧密关联的疾病(例如冠心病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症和帕金森综合症)中也出现了edQTLs的显着富集。

这表明,与RNA编辑水平下降相关的edQTLs在不同器官和组织间存在明显差异,尤其在免疫组织和免疫疾病关联组织中高度富集。

与RNA编辑水平下降相关的edQTLs在免疫组织和免疫疾病关联组织中高度富集

基于此,研究团队进一步对17种免疫相关疾病和edQTL展开了共定位分析,并鉴定到194种具有免疫原性dsRNA,其中178种(92%)位于外显子区域,特别是在UTR中。在194种免疫原性dsRNA中,至少有42种(22%)在至少两种疾病之间共享,这表明dsRNA的免疫原性可能是引起自身免疫疾病的重要因素。

免疫原性dsRNA大部分(92%)位于外显子区域

为了进一步在疾病组织中寻找证据,研究人员对数百个病人样本进行了等位基因特异性RNA编辑分析(ASED)。他们发现,dsRNA编辑水平降低和干扰素免疫应答水平升高呈现显着的正相关关系。

更有趣的是,人类转录组95%以上的RNA编辑位点位于反向重复序列,但研究团队惊讶地发现,194种免疫原性dsRNA约33%位于蛋白质编码区域。这也提出了一个与之前不同的观点,即在这些位点上,导致疾病风险并不是因为蛋白质功能的改变,而是dsRNA的形成导致了先天免疫系统的激活,编码蛋白质的功能甚至可能与这种疾病完全无关。

炎症性疾病的风险变异与附近dsRNA编辑水平降低和干扰素反应的诱导相关

总的来说,这项研究表明,由遗传变异导致的dsRNA编辑水平下降是引发自身免疫病和炎症性疾病的一个重要机制。这些常见遗传变异会在患者体内同时降低至少数百个免疫原性dsRNA的编辑水平,从而激发了由MDA5介导的干扰素免疫应答,最终引起慢性炎症反应。

遗传变异导致的dsRNA编辑水平下降引发自身免疫病

不仅如此,这一发现也为自身免疫病和炎症性疾病的筛查、诊断和治疗提供了新的思路,提示在疾病相关组织和细胞中抑制MDA5的异常激活可能是一个极具潜力的新靶点。

原始出处:

Li, Q., Gloudemans, M.J., Geisinger, J.M. et al. RNA editing underlies genetic risk of common inflammatory diseases. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05052-x.

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