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国际呼吁:积极探究早期子宫内膜癌微创手术中肿瘤溢出对生存的影响

2021-01-23 田树旭 张师前 张师前公众号

“术中肿瘤溢出”(intra-operative tumor spillage;IOTS)是指在患病器官部位以外没有肿瘤细胞的情况下,肿瘤细胞意外或非计划地暴露于无瘤手术区域。

“术中肿瘤溢出”(intra-operative tumor spillage;IOTS)是指在患病器官部位以外没有肿瘤细胞的情况下,肿瘤细胞意外或非计划地暴露于无瘤手术区域。结果,从理论上讲术中肿瘤溢出可导致肿瘤播散、种植和转移。在包括妇科肿瘤在内的各种恶性肿瘤中,术中肿瘤溢出对生存的影响已经被广泛验证并引起高度重视。在I期卵巢癌中,术中肿瘤溢出是与生存率降低相关的预后因素,因此该手术因素已被整合到目前的卵巢癌分期中,作为一个独立的亚分期(IC1期)。

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在宫颈癌中,根据最近的一项随机对照试验的结果,与经腹广泛性子宫切除术相比,微创(腹腔镜)广泛性子宫切除术后疾病复发率及全因死亡率均升高。多位研究者推测腹腔手术阴道切开时发生术中肿瘤溢出可能是降低生存率的一个原因。最近的一项研究表明,采取预防措施可以最大程度地减少肿瘤溢出和暴露或许能够改善肿瘤学结局。

我们要征询:手术方式对于早期子宫内膜癌的影响如何?查阅近期文献,目前无研究验证在早期子宫内膜癌行微创子宫切除术中肿瘤溢出概率,也无研究证实早期子宫内膜癌术中肿瘤溢出对生存率的影响。

 

可能的假说认为,随着微创子宫切除术越来越多地应用于早期子宫内膜癌患者中,导致术中肿瘤溢出风险增加,推测可能的途径如下(图1)。首先,在腹腔下切开阴道时肿瘤可能溢出至盆腹腔。虽然临床I期子宫内膜癌局限于子宫体,但术中使用举宫器可以直接或间接导致肿瘤破裂,从而导致碎片化的肿瘤组织暴露于阴道上段。微创子宫切除术时患者往往采取头低脚高位(Trendelenburg位),在腹腔镜下进行阴道切开时,暴露于阴道上段的破碎肿瘤组织可以返流至盆腹腔内。其次,子宫切除时可能发生子宫穿孔(例如使用举宫器、剖宫产瘢痕破裂等),结果导致术中肿瘤溢出。第三,可能发生经输卵管逆流肿瘤溢出至盆腔。

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如果早期子宫内膜癌患者术中肿瘤溢出确实与生存率降低相关,那么我们首先警惕且最需重视的事情,是利用目前宫颈癌数据中获取的经验,努力最大化预防术中肿瘤溢出的几率。术后辅助治疗是否对于这些病例有效是另一个需要解决的问题。目前该问题尚未解决,呼吁亟需采取行动进行深入的探究。

Kanao H, et al. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020;0:1–2.doi:10.1136/ijgc-2020-002289

 

参考文献:

1 Matsuo K, MachidaH, Yamagami W, et al. Intraoperative capsule rupture, postoperativechemotherapy, and survival of women with stage I epithelial ovarian cancer.Obstet Gynecol 2019;134:1017–26.

2 Matsuo K,Huang Y, Matsuzaki S, et al. Minimally invasive surgery and risk of capsulerupture for women with early-stage ovarian cancer.JAMA Oncol 2020;6:1110–3.

3 Ramirez PT,Frumovitz M, Pareja R, et al. Minimally invasive versus abdominal radicalhysterectomy for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2018;379:1895–904.

4 Chiva L,Zanagnolo V, Querleu D, et al. SUCCOR study: an international European cohortobservational study comparing minimally invasive surgery versus open abdominalradical hysterectomy in patients with stage IB1 cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer2020;30:1269–77.

5 Uppal S,Spencer R. Modify or abandon: minimally invasive radical hysterectomy forearly-stage cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019;29:843–4.

6 Kanao H,Aoki Y, Takeshima N. Unexpected result of minimally invasive surgery forcervical cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2018;29:e73.

7 Ryo E,Yorinaga Y, Nagasaka T, et al. Tumor cell spillage to the vaginal cavity andvaginal stump during the surgery of endometrial carcinoma. Acta Obstet GynecolScand 2001;80:364–7.

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