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经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗胸椎间盘突出症1例

2019-06-19 刘宇博 邹天明 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

患者,男,50岁,因“左侧胸背部及左下肢疼痛、麻木半年余”入院。患者于半年前劳作后逐渐出现左侧胸背部及左大腿疼痛、感觉减退并伴有明显的下肢反射性疼痛,口服非甾体类消炎药后疼痛症状并未缓解,自觉对生活造成明显影响。入院查体:生命体征平稳,脊柱右侧呈现轻度侧弯姿态,胸腰部活动明显受限,胸腰段左侧有明显压痛、叩击痛,伴有左大腿前方感觉减退,叩击时可触发左大腿放射性疼痛,四肢肌力及肌张力未见明显增高,双侧

病例报道

患者,男,50岁,因“左侧胸背部及左下肢疼痛、麻木半年余”入院。患者于半年前劳作后逐渐出现左侧胸背部及左大腿疼痛、感觉减退并伴有明显的下肢反射性疼痛,口服非甾体类消炎药后疼痛症状并未缓解,自觉对生活造成明显影响。入院查体:生命体征平稳,脊柱右侧呈现轻度侧弯姿态,胸腰部活动明显受限,胸腰段左侧有明显压痛、叩击痛,伴有左大腿前方感觉减退,叩击时可触发左大腿放射性疼痛,四肢肌力及肌张力未见明显增高,双侧膝腱反射活跃,病理征未引出。根据患者的临床体征、CT及MRI影像学检查确诊为胸椎间盘突出症(T11、12),拟局部麻醉下行经皮椎间孔镜髓核摘除术(左侧)。

取俯卧位,腹部悬空。C型臂X线机透视定位T11、12椎间隙,棘突中线旁开8~9CM作为穿刺点,穿刺方向与椎间隙保持水平,与矢状面成45°。穿刺点用1%利多卡因局部麻醉后,用18G穿刺针向T12椎体上关节突尖部穿刺,正位透视穿刺针位于T12上关节突外缘,侧位透视穿刺针位于椎间孔后缘。穿刺针触及骨质后注射利多卡因5ml。置入导丝,切开皮肤约1CM,逐级安置软组织套管,各级套管要抵至骨面,取出中间导管,置入环锯,磨除上关节突内侧部分骨质,扩大椎间孔,透视下套管勿超过椎弓根内侧壁,避免器械落空误入椎管而造成神经损伤,椎间孔成形后置入工作套筒,正位透视见工作通道位于椎弓根内缘,侧位透视工作通道位于椎间隙后缘。经工作通道置入内镜,在椎间孔镜下仔细分辨椎管内解剖组织,由背侧向腹侧依次为硬膜囊、后纵韧带、突出髓核、椎间盘纤维环。术中可调整工作通道深度,使用不同型号和角度的髓核钳摘除突出髓核。摘除髓核后,可在镜下观察到硬脊膜随呼吸搏动。髓核摘除后即刻对患者的下肢感觉及疼痛缓解情况进行确认,然后用射频头止血,于镜下观察无明显的活动性出血后撤除椎间孔镜,利用工作通道放置1根引流管,切口用可吸收线处缝合1针。手术进展顺利,手术时间约105min,未伤及神经根、硬膜囊。髓核摘除后患者即刻感觉下肢大腿麻木感减轻,疼痛有所缓解。术后给予患者神经营养药物及退水肿药物进行对症治疗,术后第1天拔除引流管(引流液9ml淡血性液体)。术后第2天患者用腰围护具保护下床慢走,并未发现不适感。出院后1个月门诊随访,复查MRI未见发现胸椎间盘突出(图1),疼痛VAS评分由术前8分降至1分,ODI指数由术前56%降至3%,患者生活质量得到很大提升。



讨论

临床症状的胸椎间盘突出症的发生率为7%~15%,而有着明显症状的胸椎间盘突出症发生概率较低,仅占所有椎间盘突出症的0.25%~0.75%。胸椎间盘突出症好发年龄段为30~50岁,并且发生率在性别方面差异无统计学意义。75%的胸椎间盘突出症发生于T7、8椎间盘下方,而T11、12椎间盘是最为脆弱的,因为在这个水平面上往往会有着较大的活动性并且后纵韧带在此处较为无力;另外,只有大约4%的胸椎间盘突出症发生于T3、4椎间盘之上。钙化是胸椎间盘突出症的特点之一,Quint等随访167例行手术治疗的胸椎间盘突出症患者,发现其中58%为软性突出,42%为钙化突出。但是钙化的机制至今仍不清楚,在极少数情况下钙化突出是髓核的延伸,而髓核本身就是钙化的,因此这些突出可自行消退。文献报道在CT与MRI成像中,当胸椎间盘突出体积>40%的椎管容量时,可被认为是巨型突出,而且突出的椎间盘出现了明显的钙化。由于对于硬脊膜的侵蚀和硬脊膜的渐进性薄化,这些巨型钙化突出增加了硬膜内扩张的风险。在所有胸椎间盘突出症患者中,会造成硬膜内扩张的仅有0.26%~0.3%,而在这些患者中又有15%~70%存在巨型钙化突出。需要注意的是,术前影像学检查对于硬膜内扩张并不能起到鉴别作用。

胸椎间盘突出症患者的主要临床症状为疼痛,如肋间神经痛、背痛。在Quint等报道167例中有60%的患者出现神经功能性缺损,而这些神经功能性损伤可能是在慢性髓质压迫下的感觉运动障碍,并伴随有病变综合征(肋间或腹部神经根疼痛),或是亚病变神经系统综合征。若胸椎间盘突出症患者在患有锥体束综合征或膀胱括约肌疾病,行走时会出现共济失调,严重者甚至出现进行性下肢瘫痪。胸椎间盘突出症患者可能会突发性起病,一部分患者受到创伤后会出现一系列神经功能缺损相关表现(下肢瘫痪、脊髓半侧损害综合征、膀胱括约肌疾病、截瘫等),甚至有极少数患者中央突出阻塞中央前动脉造成短暂或永久性截瘫。在胸椎间盘突出症患者中,70%~95%出现大型钙化突出的患者存在脊髓疾病,而在非钙化突出患者中只有约47%存在脊髓疾病。另外,胸椎间盘突出症患者还会出现一些少见的体征,如孤立性轴向疼痛、由于脑膜张力引起的顽固性头痛;一些患者发病位置更具体,如T1、2位置的肩胛骨疼痛,由于T1交感神经根被压迫而引起上肢T1区域放射性疼痛和霍纳综合征。

胸椎间盘突出症患者采用非手术治疗无效、当患者出现神经症状或神经症状恶化时,应该采取手术治疗。即使没有明显的神经症状,若在MRI成像中观察到脊髓病变迹象(T1低信号,髓内T2高信号)也可进行手术以确保患者日后的生活质量。手术治疗胸椎间盘突出症主要采用以下3种入路,椎弓根后外侧入路、侧面入路、经胸前入路。后外侧入路适用于因后纵韧带骨化而引起的多侧压迫或软侧突出,包括后路入路和单侧或双侧切除术,为进入椎间盘提供了足够的空间;硬膜鞘的前侧可与椎间盘突出分开,并将相应的神经根进行结扎处理可使手术过程相对容易;根据椎间盘突出的程度,对椎弓根进行保留或扩孔处理;在所有情况下均需要进行融合处理。Kato等研究显示,如果不能将硬膜鞘和钙化突出分离,建议将突出的钙化壳留在硬脊膜表面以避免形成硬脊膜瘘。侧面入路相对于后外侧入路为胸椎间盘突出症的治疗提供了更多的侧向通路,但胸膜后肋骨椎骨横突切除术已经被淘汰,因为其会对周围组织造成较大损伤;随后,一些学者提出了侧向腔外入路,相较于后外侧入路该方法可以提供更中心的视野并且可以避免前入路带来的一些缺点;但该方法的主要并发症为胸膜撕裂(其发生率大约为30%),因此需要插入胸腔引流管,这一弊端使得该方法的应用受限。经胸前入路可以直观显示突出和鞘的情况,尤其是对于中心突出或钙化突出,但是由于该方法需要插管及胸廓切开术,因此使得其预后较差。此外,还可以采用胸腔镜技术治疗胸椎间盘突出症,但是该技术需要较长时间的学习并且不允许使用手术显微镜,这也就意味着其放大倍数受限于相机的放大倍数。

经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症取得一定的成果,但是腰椎与胸椎在解剖学方面差异较大,并且胸椎管的容积较小可操作空间有限,胸部脊髓的耐受性也相对较差,因此将经皮椎间孔镜技术应用于胸椎间盘突出症的治疗仍然存在较大的挑战。本例中,为了避免对周围组织造成的损伤,笔者采用经胸椎椎间孔自然间隙入路,实施椎间孔成形术时仅切开皮肤1CM,无需对于肌肉进行剥离,也不需要切除椎板等解剖学结构,创伤大大降低,并且对脊柱的稳定性也不会造成明显的影响。此外,该手术可在局部麻醉下完成,通过精准穿刺及逐级放置扩张置管,在内镜的辅助下摘除髓核,在手术过程中患者可保持完全清醒,可与患者关于下肢感觉及疼痛缓解情况进行良好的沟通。手术过程中可避免对神经根及硬膜的牵拉,因此不会伤及神经根或硬膜囊。本例手术成功实施表明经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗胸椎间盘突出症在操作上具有可行性,短期效果满意。

原始出处:

刘宇博,邹天明.经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗胸椎间盘突出症1例并文献复习[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2019,34(05):550-552.

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#插入话题
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    2019-06-21 yyj065
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683778, encodeId=786c1683e78e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=599862899ba' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#椎间盘突出#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62899, encryptionId=599862899ba, topicName=椎间盘突出)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=104527995107, createdName=lfyang, createdTime=Fri Sep 20 11:26:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2019833, encodeId=e111201983307, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1bd6841260f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胸椎间盘突出症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84126, encryptionId=1bd6841260f, topicName=胸椎间盘突出症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ac782500066, createdName=12498768m13(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Dec 03 14:26:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1736645, encodeId=45891e366459b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0192628906a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#椎间孔#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62890, encryptionId=0192628906a, topicName=椎间孔)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=273734174228, createdName=ms622625817193301, createdTime=Fri Feb 28 17:26:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1658708, encodeId=625d1658e0899, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=428462892bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#椎间孔镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62892, encryptionId=428462892bd, topicName=椎间孔镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ebc924907730, createdName=zhty5345, createdTime=Wed Nov 20 16:26:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1290697, encodeId=c17a129069ec1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e86454454ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54454, encryptionId=e86454454ea, topicName=手术治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=920c231, createdName=lixiaol, createdTime=Fri Jun 21 14:26:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1489980, encodeId=0d581489980be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2d258411ea9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胸椎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84117, encryptionId=2d258411ea9, topicName=胸椎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6d688662973, createdName=yyj065, createdTime=Fri Jun 21 14:26:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368042, encodeId=94703680423c, content=谢谢了,学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=30331616752, createdName=txqjm, createdTime=Thu Jun 20 06:53:49 CST 2019, time=2019-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368040, encodeId=e33c36804035, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Thu Jun 20 06:51:43 CST 2019, time=2019-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-06-20 txqjm

    谢谢了,学习

    0

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    2019-06-20 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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