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Brain, Behavior, and Immunity:慢性疼痛与免疫系统密不可分

2020-04-14 Walter 转化医学网

导言:疼痛有三种主要类型:一是伤害性疼痛,从蜜蜂的蜇伤、脚踝扭伤到炎性关节炎;二是神经性疼痛,由疾病或外伤而导致周围神经系统或大脑本身受损引起;三是功能性疼痛,有时被称为“原发性疼痛&rd

导言:疼痛有三种主要类型:一是伤害性疼痛,从蜜蜂的蜇伤、脚踝扭伤到炎性关节炎;二是神经性疼痛,由疾病或外伤而导致周围神经系统或大脑本身受损引起;三是功能性疼痛,有时被称为“原发性疼痛”由复杂的器质性功能障碍引起”,但最常被归为“其他”。

疼痛在我们生活中时有发生,因此我们自认为它不过是个熟悉的、难于摆脱的感受;事实上,长期以来研究人员也是这么认为的。直到最近,研究者才发现人体的疼痛,尤其是神经性疼痛与免疫系统有着密不可分的关系。这一发现为理解疼痛(特别是慢性疼痛)打开了新世界的大门。实际上,慢性疼痛已不再被视为一种简单的症状,而是一种疾病。

澳大利亚阿德莱德大学纳米生物光子学中心(CNBP)主任Mark Hutchinson教授在多年来的开创性研究中表明,大脑和脊髓中免疫细胞之间的信号传递是支撑慢性疼痛的关键因素,并且源于遗传易感性。另外,Hutchinson教授最近开发了一种新工具,能够实现在大鼠脊髓鞘内实现IL-β的监测以阐明神经痛时脑内免疫信号的实时变化。

此前,研究者发现先脉微量注射一种的免疫调质,神经内毒素,再对志愿者皮下注射辣椒素(辣椒中引起灼热和痛感的化合物),发现此时志愿者对疼痛的敏感性上升。这一重要的实验说明了神经免疫学可能是解释疼痛的关键所在。但真正探明疼痛的根源,依然任重道远。

因此,CNBP研究人员创建了专用的细胞系,试图阐明其中机制。 “辣椒素和内毒素协同作用,加剧了人类的疼痛,”阿德莱德大学医学院博士Samuel Evans说,“但是我们不知道个中原因。所以,我正在重新研究人类细胞,然后再进入动物实验,看看我们是否可以将两者的作用分开。”

Evans开发了一种基于人类胚胎肾细胞的钙生物测定法,该分析平台通过细胞或组织的状态来确定钙的浓度或效力。

Samuel Evans说:“我们感兴趣的是,免疫系统和疼痛的神经通路如何交互作用,特别是它们在慢性疼痛上的交流,以及这种疼痛如何从伤害性疼痛转变为持久性和使人衰弱的持续性疼痛。目前一个非常重要的问题是:这种转变是如何发生的?”

免疫系统已经发展了数百万年,可以保护动物免受病毒、细菌、真菌和其他寄生虫的侵害,而人类的免疫系统是最复杂的。因此,任何涉及免疫系统的研究越深入“往往引发更多的问题而不是答案。”但埃文斯说:“但是在研究TRPV1和TLR4的单独作用和协同作用时,这种生物测定法无疑是一项有用的工具。”

瞬时感受器电位离子通道蛋白TrpV1是辣椒素的受体,而TLR4是参与细胞信号转导和炎症反应的模式识别受体。两者均已分别作为减轻疼痛的药物靶标,但他们的效果确实是混合的。

“了解这些机制很有必要,因为目前相关药物要么仅针对神经,要么单只是抗炎,(对于慢性疼痛)的作用均不太理想,而且通常存在副作用”,Evans说,“如果我们能够靶向这种相互作用本身,并将其作为一种潜在的治疗方法,这将比靶向单个受体有益得多。

研究人员将逐步把实验结果拓展到多种细胞上,然后希望采用器官进行实验。这个过程是必需的,因为随着结果越来越复杂,仅从一个细胞中得到的结论可能并不成立。因此,必须回到疼痛过程的基础上,找到有效的潜在靶点或通路。

原始出处:

Azim Armanab, Fe iDeng, Ewa M.Goldys, et.al. In vivo intrathecal IL-1β quantification in rats: Monitoring the molecular signals of neuropathic pain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Available online 6 April 2020

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    2020-04-16 qjddjq

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