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综述:富血小板纤维蛋白应用于口腔组织再生研究进展

2017-01-16 中国实用口腔科杂志 中国实用口腔科杂志

作者:付越,刘尧,陈旭,中国医科大学口腔医学院·附属口腔医院儿童口腔科,辽宁省口腔疾病重点实验室 血小板是从骨髓中巨核细胞脱落下来的小块胞质,存在于哺乳动物血液中,其中富含多种可促进损伤组织愈合的生长因子,具有再生潜力,参与止血和促进损伤组织愈合。为促进创口愈合,Whitman等研制出血小板浓缩物应用于临床。第一代血小板浓缩物——富血小板血浆(platelet-rich p

作者:付越,刘尧,陈旭,中国医科大学口腔医学院·附属口腔医院儿童口腔科,辽宁省口腔疾病重点实验室

血小板是从骨髓中巨核细胞脱落下来的小块胞质,存在于哺乳动物血液中,其中富含多种可促进损伤组织愈合的生长因子,具有再生潜力,参与止血和促进损伤组织愈合。为促进创口愈合,Whitman等研制出血小板浓缩物应用于临床。第一代血小板浓缩物——富血小板血浆(platelet-richplasma,PRP)应用于手术部位,可促进创口愈合以及骨再生,取得了良好的治疗效果。然而,PRP制备过程中添加了生物制剂,使得其应用受到限制。

2001年,Choukroun等对其进行了改良,研制出第二代血小板浓缩物——富血小板纤维蛋白(platelet-richfibrin,PRF)。本文将对PRF应用于口腔组织再生的研究进展做一综述。

1.PRF的制备方法及生物学特点

PRF的制备过程如下。抽取静脉血,立即以3000r/min离心10min,离心后血样分成3层:上层为乏血小板血浆层,下层为红细胞层,中间部分即为PRF,其浓缩了全血中95%血小板与80%白细胞的纤维蛋白。用无菌纱布轻轻按压挤出PRF中多余血清,即获得膜状的PRF,可直接应用于组织损伤处。PRF较PRP制备方法简单,制备过程无需添加使血小板激活及纤维聚合的抗凝剂和牛凝血酶/钙制剂。

由于不添加抗凝剂,血液会在抽取的时刻即开始凝集,所以血液的快速抽取和转移离心是成功提取PRF的关键。PRF是理想的支架材料,其主要成分是胶原纤维。与血块相似,PRF可随时间推移而逐渐分解。PRF作为支架植入裸鼠背部皮下后,可观察到其厚度减少并有新形成的胶原纤维。PRF中含有多种生长因子,如转化生长因子(TGF)-β1、血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)等,这些生长因子是关键的抗炎和促愈合介质;此外,PRF中富含白细胞细胞因子,如白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-4、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α等,它们在抗炎与免疫调节中发挥重要作用。

这些细胞因子主要集聚在纤维凝块的下部,红色血栓和纤维凝块之间的结构中。在PRF形成过程中,由于缓慢的共聚过程使得PRF的纤维结构疏松,有助于细胞的迁移和可溶性分子的保留。与此同时,大量血小板被激活,释放出的细胞因子与纤维共聚分子结构密切结合,使得细胞因子的生命跨度延长。虽然PRP与PRF均包含大量细胞因子,但PRP在7~14h内迅速释放出大部分细胞因子,而PRF在7~14d内持续、缓慢地释放细胞因子,为参与组织再生的间充质干细胞提供生物性的生长环境。

2.PRF促进口腔组织再生的实验研究

PRF能促进组织再生重建,其不仅是多种细胞因子的来源,也被用作以纤维成分为基础的生物支架材料应用于临床治疗中。学者们对PRF促进口腔组织再生的机制进行了初步探索。

2.1.PRF促进牙髓再生相关机制研究

牙髓再生治疗(regenerative endodontic treatment,RET)对于牙髓感染的年轻恒牙可能是一个更好的治疗选择。但在RET过程中,将矿物三氧化物凝聚体(MTA)放在血凝块上的操作难度较大,且有时刺破根尖后出血量少或者没有出血,而应用PRF可降低临床操作难度。另外,PRF中的纤维蛋白可能会作为支架,募集干细胞;同时,PRF还能够持续、缓慢地释放大量生长因子,其生物学作用优于血凝块。颌骨来源的骨髓间充质干细胞(BMMSCs)、根尖牙乳头干细胞(SCAP)、牙髓干细胞(DPSCs)以及牙周膜干细胞(PDLSCs)可能参与RET过程。

PRF直接作用于颌骨来源的BMMSCs时,具有良好的生物相容性,以剂量依赖性方式促进其增殖与分化,增大PRF的剂量也未检测到其细胞毒性。另有体外研究发现,PRF呈时间和剂量依赖性地促进DPSCs的增殖,通过提高碱性磷酸酶、牙本质涎磷蛋白、牙本质基质蛋白-1以及骨涎蛋白基因的表达,促进DPSCs成牙本质或成骨分化。

将PRF颗粒与DPSCs混合于根管片段内植于裸鼠皮下或直接应用于犬牙根管内,可观察到均匀、致密的牙髓样组织,其中富含大量分散着的血管,并在根管内壁观察到再生性牙本质的沉积,DPSCs与PRF混合应用于牙髓再活化或再血管化有望成为牙髓再生医学领域的新手段。

2.2.PRF促进牙周组织再生相关机制研究

牙囊干细胞、PDLSCs以及牙槽骨来源的BMMSCs是新陈代谢率高的牙周干细胞群,参与牙周组织再生。用PRF制备的条件性培养基能够明显促进上述干细胞的迁移,分析可能是由于PRF中白细胞释放的趋化因子或可溶解的纤维成分的作用。相较于牙周干细胞群中的其他细胞,PRF促进牙槽骨来源的BMMSCs的成骨分化作用更强,可能是由于其纤维成分增强了成骨矿化的组织特异性以及牙槽骨来源的BMMSCs具有更高的成骨分化敏感性。

然而有学者研究发现,将不同剂量的PRF直接作用于PDLSCs7d,PRF呈非剂量依赖性地促进PDLSCs的增殖,这与PRF以剂量依赖性方式促进干细胞增殖的文献报道相矛盾,分析可能与所检测的细胞浓度不同有关。在检测PRF对PDLSCs分化作用的影响时发现,碱性磷酸酶活性被抑制,骨涎蛋白、骨钙素基因下调,而I型胶原及牙骨质蛋白-23上调,说明PRF可以促进牙周膜相关基因表达,同时抑制成骨相关基因的表达。

这与之前PRF可促进人颌骨来源的BMMSCs和DPSCs成骨分化的研究结果不一致,研究人员认为其一是与实验所用的细胞类型不同有关,其二是因为血小板和白细胞释放了大量细胞因子,这些细胞因子发挥了不同的作用。有学者应用犬建立外伤全脱出牙齿模型,即拔除犬前牙后体外干燥2h,牙齿再植时将PRF颗粒与PDLSCs混合放入牙齿与牙槽骨之间间隙。牙齿再植8周后,组织学观察牙齿固连及炎症相对较少,可见牙周膜样组织形成,推测PRF发挥了免疫调节作用,同时促进了牙周组织再生。

将自体PRF和处理过的同种异体牙本质基质移植到刚拔过牙的牙槽窝内,术后3个月可观察到新形成的牙骨质和具有方向性的牙周膜样组织的再生,说明牙根可能通过牙骨质-牙周膜复合物与牙槽骨连接,其机制可能是PRF募集PDLSCs和BMMSCs,促进这些干细胞增殖、分化形成牙周膜样组织。而有实验发现,与新鲜的PRF相比,冻干后的PRF促进牙周干细胞迁移、增殖和成骨分化作用更强,可能与PRF经冻干后孔径的大小被控制、结构被维持有关。因此,冻干PRF较新鲜PRF作为仿生支架应用于颅面骨再生和矿化组织工程更有优势。

2.3.PRF促进牙齿再生相关机制研究

Yang等将牙囊细胞接种到纤维凝胶与PRF混合的支架上,自体移植到原来的牙槽窝内,36周后观察到再生的牙齿结构包含牙冠、牙根、牙髓、牙釉质、牙本质、成牙本质细胞、牙骨质、血管、牙周膜,它们共同组成非正常结构的牙齿;免疫组化染色观察到牙本质、牙本质小管和成牙本质细胞表达牙本质基质蛋白-1,成釉细胞表达初级抗角质蛋白-14,牙骨质和牙槽骨表达骨钙素,牙髓中的血管上皮细胞表达血管内皮生长因子;并观察到包埋在牙槽骨中的牙齿有正常的萌出方向与萌出率。尽管研究中实验组少于半数的样本有牙齿的再生,且未形成正常结构的牙齿,但证明了PRF的参与确实可以促进牙齿主要成分的再生。

3.PRF在口腔组织再生中的临床应用

再生医学是指用工程化组织替代因疾病或生理性损伤导致的组织缺失。口腔内组织存在矿化组织和软组织交汇的复杂特点,通过使用同源性支架和干细胞群模拟形成这样复杂的环境是一个挑战。目前,复合天然支架促进患者自身的细胞扩增形成自体组织工程器官得到认可,作为复合天然支架的PRF对于自体组织再生十分理想。PRF可以应用于年轻恒牙牙髓感染的治疗,分别是RET和根尖屏障术,将PRF代替根尖刺破出血应用于牙根根管内或者将PRF直接放置于根尖部位后再放置MTA,降低了MTA的操作难度,远期观察无临床症状,影像学检查可见根管壁增厚,牙根延长,根尖孔闭合和根尖钙化屏障形成。

若牙髓部分感染,以PRF替代MTA用于牙髓切断术,术后22个月复查,牙髓活力检测正常,临床和影像学检查无异常。PRF还可应用于牙周炎导致牙槽骨缺损形成的骨下袋治疗中,观察到探诊深度减小,牙周附着增加,有少量骨形成,临床效果较传统翻瓣术更佳。

临床试验发现,PRF可以促进种植体周围的牙周组织再生,术后软组织损伤愈合快且牙槽骨增高约5mm,推测可能是由于PRF组织特异性地促进牙龈成纤维细胞、牙周膜细胞、牙槽骨成骨细胞迁移及促进牙槽骨成骨细胞的增殖、成骨分化及矿化。此外,对于缺牙位置牙槽骨高度不满足种植义齿条件的患者,可以通过PRF移植进行上颌窦提升术以增加牙槽骨高度,且上颌窦膜穿孔亦可以被修复。

4.小结

PRF由于制备方法简单自然、可操作性强,以及其理想的生物学作用,应用于口腔组织再生中取得了良好的临床效果。PRF对牙源性干细胞的生物学作用机制尚需更深入的研究,从而为其更好地应用于口腔组织再生医学奠定基础。

来源:中国实用口腔科杂志2016年1月第9卷第1期

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    2017-02-06 虈亣靌

    学习了,很好的内容

    0

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    2017-01-30 虈亣靌

    学习了,很好的内容

    0

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    2017-01-27 山丫

    学习了学习了。

    0

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