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高血压年会 2020:张慧敏:不可忽视的继发性高血压——大动脉炎

2020-09-22 《门诊》杂志 门诊新视野

高血压的年轻化趋势已越来越明显,大动脉炎是引发年轻人甚至儿童高血压的重要原因之一,但往往被临床医师所忽视,临床中因误诊或漏诊致使年轻患者最终出现心力衰竭(简称心衰)甚至死亡的情况并不少见。

高血压的年轻化趋势已越来越明显,大动脉炎是引发年轻人甚至儿童高血压的重要原因之一,但往往被临床医师所忽视,临床中因误诊或漏诊致使年轻患者最终出现心力衰竭(简称心衰)甚至死亡的情况并不少见。提升临床医师对大动脉炎的认识为当务之急。2020年9月17日,在2020年中国高血压年会暨第22届国际高血压及相关疾病学术研讨会线上会议上,来自中国医学科学院阜外医院国家血管病中心、高血压中心张慧敏教授结合临床经验就大动脉炎的临床表现、诱发高血压原因及其诊断与治疗进行了精彩分享。

大动脉炎的临床表现

在我国,大动脉炎的青年男女发病比为1:3.8,女性居多。大动脉炎是一种慢性、进行性、全层性非特异性动脉炎,可导致受累动脉壁增厚,动脉管腔狭窄、闭塞或扩张,可伴血栓形成,偶有瘤样改变。发病机制尚不清楚,更多的是认为与感染免疫功能紊乱及细胞的炎性反应有关。

很多到阜外医院的大动脉炎患者均已发展为晚期,主要原因为大动脉炎早期症状非常隐性,再加上各级医院对该病不太熟悉导致患者漏诊。早期症状可能仅为乏力、关节痛、肌肉痛,个别有发烧,但这样的发生率只不到10%;到进展期时,有些患者可出现沿血管走形的特别是颈动脉的颈痛症状;80%以上患者因血管受累后引起缺血症状,到医院就诊时已发展为慢性期,比如顽固性高血压、头晕、晕厥等。因此,及早对大动脉炎进行鉴别和诊断非常重要。(图1)

图1. 大动脉炎临床表现

大动脉炎患者中不可忽视的高血压

从阜外医院566例大动脉炎患者的数据来看,大动脉炎合并高血压占到大部分(330/566例,58.3%),其次为累及颈动脉引起的头晕,急性期患者出现早期症状仅占10%,说明大部分患者是在其他医院漏诊误诊后才来到阜外医院。同样,儿童大动脉炎患者也具有类似的现象。

临床中,大动脉炎可通过累及不同部位引发高血压。首先,大动脉炎可累及肾动脉,引起肾血管性高血压,这是大动脉炎最容易引起高血压的原因。动脉粥样硬化是导致肾血管性高血压的最主要原因;纤维肌性发育不良(FMD)也可引起肾血管性高血压,且大动脉炎和FMD均常见于年轻人,通常影像学有所不同,但有些内模型和外模型FMD的影像学特点类似于大动脉炎,表现为长段弥漫或局限狭窄。考虑到大动脉炎和FMD的治疗方案完全不一样,FMD只要诊断明确,可直接进行球囊扩张,但针对大动脉炎需评估其活动性,并进行系统的抗炎治疗,患者方能善始善终,否则很容易出现再狭窄和其他的问题。因此,鉴别大动脉炎和FMD非常重要。

其次,大动脉炎可累及主动脉,导致主动脉狭窄而引起高血压。主动脉狭窄后,主动脉的机械阻力增加,可引起上肢血压要高于下肢血压。同时,因为肾动脉的血流被阻断,导致RAS活性增加,引起高血压。这类患者发病比较隐性,仅表现为高血压,可通过CT检查排除主动脉狭窄。但主动脉狭窄应注意与先天性主动脉缩窄进行鉴别,后者从胚胎期就已出现主动脉先天性畸形,且通常很少或很晚才表现出高血压,很晚才出现心功能不全等表现。因此,应注意区别大动脉炎与先天性主动脉缩窄。

临床中,阜外医院收治不少因心衰入院的儿童,他们早期表现为间歇性跛行、走路腿疼,但易被诊断为缺钙,之后可出现高血压所致的头晕,但临床医师通常不测量儿童血压致其漏诊,再后来出现走路心慌气短,发展为心衰。因此,应加强对年轻人的血压监测,对于出现血管杂音的高血压患者不容忽视,应及时进行CTA检查,以排除是否是因大动脉炎累及主动脉引起的高血压。

其他大动脉炎引起或相关的高血压包括:

大动脉炎累及升主动脉,引起升主动脉扩张或动脉瘤,造成继发性主动脉瓣关闭不全,导致收缩期高血压;

大动脉炎累及主动脉瓣,直接引起主动脉瓣关闭不全;

给予糖皮质激素治疗的大动脉炎患者可因水钠潴留引起或加重高血压;

此外,大动脉炎的持续炎症刺激,可引起主动脉夹层,临床上表现为高血压病情进展、加重。

大动脉炎的诊断与治疗

临床诊断上,1990年美国风湿病协会(ACR)的标准依然沿用,现在临床中已并不将年龄界限作为重要标准,但如有肢端缺血、双侧脉搏不对称、血压不对称、血管杂音、影像提示环形增厚,只要符合3条即可诊断为大动脉炎。但有些患者并不能按ACR的标准完全诊断,可根据1996年的Modification Ishikawa诊断标准,该标准包括2条主要标准和10条次要标准,患者只要满足1条主要标准+2条次要标准,或2条主要标准,或4条次要标准,即可进行诊断。该标准基本涵盖了所有大动脉炎的诊断特征(图2)。临床上,可采用Hata and Numano对大动脉炎进行5大类分型,相较而言,中华医学会分为两种类型更为简化。

图2. 大动脉炎临床诊断

如果说大动脉炎诊断不难,其活动性评判则相对更难。临床全身症状很少,血沉增高非常常见,但不特异。最重要的应依据全身症状、血沉、受累血管缺血与炎症情况、造影是否可见新发典型的血管损害,符合2条或以上的患者即可诊断为活动性大动脉炎。(图3)

图3. 大动脉炎活动度诊断

同时,大动脉炎具有特殊的临床影像特点。主要影像学检查手段包括血管造影、CTA、18F-FDG-PET、MRA、血管超声。国内应用最多的是CTA,采用CTA可获得一些特殊的影像学信息,包括环形增厚、内膜水肿,再结合18F-FDG-PET显像,可看到血管走形的炎症情况,诊断的敏感性、特异性较高。除此之外,临床实验室检查包括血沉、C反应蛋白、血象,对诊断有一定帮助。(图4)

图4. 大动脉炎的诊断与治疗

治疗上,慢性期患者可进行观察随诊;除非血管阻塞危及患者生命或重要脏器功能受损时,否则可暂不考虑血运重建。活动期的患者应进行抗炎治疗,尽管临床上看似稳定,但也要抗炎2个月以上;如果是急性活动期可按1 mg/kg/d泼尼松(qd,最高60 mg/天)治疗,如果是慢性活动期,阜外医院的经验为将泼尼松剂量减半即可有效缓解症状,这样可减少激素的不良反应,同时还可加入一些免疫抑制剂以缓解减激素过程中出现的病情“反跳”。(图4)

在降压治疗方面,选择降压药时应考虑血管受累部位,累及双侧肾动脉则不宜选用RAS受体拮抗剂;若糖皮质激素治疗易出现水钠潴留,应酌情采用利尿剂。而在血运重建方面,大动脉炎与动脉硬化和FMD不一样,不能因为血管狭窄就一定要置入支架,否则可能导致反复血管再狭窄。临床上应及早筛查,充分抗炎,如抗炎后存在血管狭窄(比如肾动脉狭窄、主动脉狭窄等)影响患者血压,累及其它重要血管时,才考虑给患者进行再血管化,但再血管化只能是球囊扩张,而不用支架,除非主动脉容易出现夹层时可能采用自膨支架,其他部位一般均采用血管扩张。(图4)

近年来的研究发现,外科手术治疗可对一些无法行介入治疗的患者起到很好的治疗效果,且发生再狭窄率更低。总之,大动脉炎患者经过系统治疗,血压均可有效控制,预后情况主要受高血压程度、受累血管部位、是否早期诊断和早期治疗(这一点非常重要!)、病程时长和侧支循环情况等影响。(图4)

总 结

大动脉炎为慢性进行性血管病变。高血压常为大动脉炎患者就诊的首要原因,早期诊断治疗可改善预后。大动脉炎引起的高血压与肾动脉、主动脉、主动脉瓣受累和激素应用相关;注意要与动脉粥样硬化、FMD、先天性主动脉缩窄鉴别。激素治疗疗程要长,减量要慢;再血管化治疗能改善缺血、降低血压,但远期有一定的再狭窄率,应长期随访,动态观察动脉受累情况。预后主要取决于高血压的程度及重要脏器的累及情况。

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createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201126/e63111794ca84000a00f7117dcdfb179/74951f6b6dec4250ab4b91a00c0b23bb.jpg, createdBy=fa935420470, createdName=ms8000000663123873, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 16:30:26 CST 2020, time=2020-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=888221, encodeId=8f7a888221c8, content=临床中因误诊或漏诊致使年轻患者最终出现心力衰竭(简称心衰)甚至死亡的情况并不少见,该如何避免?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b58d5402080, createdName=咻凡, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 11:33:04 CST 2020, time=2020-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887933, encodeId=7a6588e93363, content=再血管化治疗能改善缺血、降低血压,但远期有一定的再狭窄率,应长期随访,动态观察动脉受累情况。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae205385871, createdName=Lexi, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 14:05:41 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1329950, encodeId=46be13299506a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6124436201d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43620, encryptionId=6124436201d, topicName=大动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=606c2500035, createdName=ms3153534357578991, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 01:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887438, encodeId=6bb988e438a9, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80552210375, createdName=婷医生, createdTime=Tue Sep 22 18:33:57 CST 2020, time=2020-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-08 xsm927
  3. 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae205385871, createdName=Lexi, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 14:05:41 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1329950, encodeId=46be13299506a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6124436201d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43620, encryptionId=6124436201d, topicName=大动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=606c2500035, createdName=ms3153534357578991, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 01:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887438, encodeId=6bb988e438a9, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80552210375, createdName=婷医生, createdTime=Tue Sep 22 18:33:57 CST 2020, time=2020-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1191379, encodeId=a3c811913e98d, content=太清新了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f0b32432573, createdName=123bc59dm18暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Feb 09 10:57:40 CST 2022, time=2022-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683218, encodeId=def116832183d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=60f03325e28' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=33257, encryptionId=60f03325e28, topicName=动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d22a27947071, createdName=xsm927, createdTime=Tue Dec 08 15:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201126/e63111794ca84000a00f7117dcdfb179/74951f6b6dec4250ab4b91a00c0b23bb.jpg, createdBy=fa935420470, createdName=ms8000000663123873, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 16:30:26 CST 2020, time=2020-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=888221, encodeId=8f7a888221c8, content=临床中因误诊或漏诊致使年轻患者最终出现心力衰竭(简称心衰)甚至死亡的情况并不少见,该如何避免?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b58d5402080, createdName=咻凡, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 11:33:04 CST 2020, time=2020-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887933, encodeId=7a6588e93363, content=再血管化治疗能改善缺血、降低血压,但远期有一定的再狭窄率,应长期随访,动态观察动脉受累情况。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80552210375, createdName=婷医生, createdTime=Tue Sep 22 18:33:57 CST 2020, time=2020-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-12 feifers
  5. 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createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201126/e63111794ca84000a00f7117dcdfb179/74951f6b6dec4250ab4b91a00c0b23bb.jpg, createdBy=fa935420470, createdName=ms8000000663123873, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 16:30:26 CST 2020, time=2020-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=888221, encodeId=8f7a888221c8, content=临床中因误诊或漏诊致使年轻患者最终出现心力衰竭(简称心衰)甚至死亡的情况并不少见,该如何避免?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b58d5402080, createdName=咻凡, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 11:33:04 CST 2020, time=2020-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887933, encodeId=7a6588e93363, content=再血管化治疗能改善缺血、降低血压,但远期有一定的再狭窄率,应长期随访,动态观察动脉受累情况。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80552210375, createdName=婷医生, createdTime=Tue Sep 22 18:33:57 CST 2020, time=2020-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-11 xzw113
  6. 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createdBy=499d33645837, createdName=feifers, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 21:13:22 CST 2021, time=2021-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1952695, encodeId=7f221952695b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a37ce8961a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#继发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78961, encryptionId=a37ce8961a1, topicName=继发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2317301, createdName=xzw113, createdTime=Fri Dec 11 10:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=902512, encodeId=51b390251254, content=受到教育,希多发表!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201126/e63111794ca84000a00f7117dcdfb179/74951f6b6dec4250ab4b91a00c0b23bb.jpg, createdBy=fa935420470, createdName=ms8000000663123873, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 16:30:26 CST 2020, time=2020-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=888221, encodeId=8f7a888221c8, content=临床中因误诊或漏诊致使年轻患者最终出现心力衰竭(简称心衰)甚至死亡的情况并不少见,该如何避免?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b58d5402080, createdName=咻凡, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 11:33:04 CST 2020, time=2020-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887933, encodeId=7a6588e93363, content=再血管化治疗能改善缺血、降低血压,但远期有一定的再狭窄率,应长期随访,动态观察动脉受累情况。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae205385871, createdName=Lexi, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 14:05:41 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1329950, encodeId=46be13299506a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6124436201d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43620, encryptionId=6124436201d, topicName=大动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=606c2500035, createdName=ms3153534357578991, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 01:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887438, encodeId=6bb988e438a9, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80552210375, createdName=婷医生, createdTime=Tue Sep 22 18:33:57 CST 2020, time=2020-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-26 ms8000000663123873

    受到教育,希多发表!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1191379, encodeId=a3c811913e98d, content=太清新了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f0b32432573, createdName=123bc59dm18暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Feb 09 10:57:40 CST 2022, time=2022-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683218, encodeId=def116832183d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=60f03325e28' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=33257, encryptionId=60f03325e28, topicName=动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d22a27947071, createdName=xsm927, createdTime=Tue Dec 08 15:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdBy=499d33645837, createdName=feifers, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 21:13:22 CST 2021, time=2021-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1952695, encodeId=7f221952695b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a37ce8961a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#继发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78961, encryptionId=a37ce8961a1, topicName=继发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2317301, createdName=xzw113, createdTime=Fri Dec 11 10:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=902512, encodeId=51b390251254, content=受到教育,希多发表!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201126/e63111794ca84000a00f7117dcdfb179/74951f6b6dec4250ab4b91a00c0b23bb.jpg, createdBy=fa935420470, createdName=ms8000000663123873, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 16:30:26 CST 2020, time=2020-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=888221, encodeId=8f7a888221c8, content=临床中因误诊或漏诊致使年轻患者最终出现心力衰竭(简称心衰)甚至死亡的情况并不少见,该如何避免?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b58d5402080, createdName=咻凡, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 11:33:04 CST 2020, time=2020-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887933, encodeId=7a6588e93363, content=再血管化治疗能改善缺血、降低血压,但远期有一定的再狭窄率,应长期随访,动态观察动脉受累情况。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae205385871, createdName=Lexi, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 14:05:41 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1329950, encodeId=46be13299506a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6124436201d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43620, encryptionId=6124436201d, topicName=大动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=606c2500035, createdName=ms3153534357578991, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 01:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887438, encodeId=6bb988e438a9, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80552210375, createdName=婷医生, createdTime=Tue Sep 22 18:33:57 CST 2020, time=2020-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-09-25 咻凡

    临床中因误诊或漏诊致使年轻患者最终出现心力衰竭(简称心衰)甚至死亡的情况并不少见,该如何避免?

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1191379, encodeId=a3c811913e98d, content=太清新了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f0b32432573, createdName=123bc59dm18暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Feb 09 10:57:40 CST 2022, time=2022-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683218, encodeId=def116832183d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=60f03325e28' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=33257, encryptionId=60f03325e28, topicName=动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d22a27947071, createdName=xsm927, createdTime=Tue Dec 08 15:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdBy=499d33645837, createdName=feifers, createdTime=Tue Jan 12 21:13:22 CST 2021, time=2021-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1952695, encodeId=7f221952695b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a37ce8961a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#继发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78961, encryptionId=a37ce8961a1, topicName=继发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2317301, createdName=xzw113, createdTime=Fri Dec 11 10:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=902512, encodeId=51b390251254, content=受到教育,希多发表!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201126/e63111794ca84000a00f7117dcdfb179/74951f6b6dec4250ab4b91a00c0b23bb.jpg, createdBy=fa935420470, createdName=ms8000000663123873, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 16:30:26 CST 2020, time=2020-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=888221, encodeId=8f7a888221c8, content=临床中因误诊或漏诊致使年轻患者最终出现心力衰竭(简称心衰)甚至死亡的情况并不少见,该如何避免?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b58d5402080, createdName=咻凡, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 11:33:04 CST 2020, time=2020-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887933, encodeId=7a6588e93363, content=再血管化治疗能改善缺血、降低血压,但远期有一定的再狭窄率,应长期随访,动态观察动脉受累情况。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae205385871, createdName=Lexi, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 14:05:41 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1329950, encodeId=46be13299506a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6124436201d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43620, encryptionId=6124436201d, topicName=大动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=606c2500035, createdName=ms3153534357578991, createdTime=Thu Sep 24 01:13:22 CST 2020, time=2020-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=887438, encodeId=6bb988e438a9, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80552210375, createdName=婷医生, createdTime=Tue Sep 22 18:33:57 CST 2020, time=2020-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-09-24 Lexi

    再血管化治疗能改善缺血、降低血压,但远期有一定的再狭窄率,应长期随访,动态观察动脉受累情况。

    0

  9. 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  10. 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    2020-09-22 婷医生

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